Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *nāqa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: breast

Chechen: nāqa

Ingush: naqa

Comments: 6th class in Chech., Ing. Obl. base *nāqi- (Chech. nēqa-, Ing. näqo).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mōnqī (~-ē)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: breast; bosom

Proto-Nakh: *nāqa

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *niqi (~-χ-)

Proto-Tsezian: *χɨmVrV (~-i-)

Proto-Lak: quru

Proto-Dargwa: *miqiri

Proto-Lezghian: *moχor

Proto-West Caucasian: *mVq́:a

Notes: A good common NC root. It is often accompanied by the suffixed *-rV (in PTs, Lak., PD and PL). Lak. quru regularly < *mVquru. The only irregularity is a metathesis in PTs (which is a frequent phenomenon). Note that Khin. maχar 'woman's breast' is a loan from Shakh-Dagh.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *niqi (~-χ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 breast 2 brisket

Avar: mehéd 2

Chamalal: niχ 1

Tindi: niχi 1

Karata: niχe 1

Botlikh: niχi 1

Bagvalal: nih 1

Godoberi: niχi 1

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. mahdí-l); -d may be a result of partial contamination with another PEC root (see *qVdV), but as a whole Av. mehed is hard to separate from the Andian and EC root. *n- in PA is obviously secondary (an influence of the former medial *-n-).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *χɨmV(rV) (~-i-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: breast

Tsezi: ħemori

Ginukh: χema

Comments: PTsKh *χ̥1̇ɨmo(RV) (~-i-) (in Tsez. there is a variation ħemori/ħamori). The word is also used in a compound with PTs *rɔḳʷǝ 'heart' (Tsez. ħamo-roḳu, Gin. χemo-roḳe, /Lomtadze/ χema-roḳʷe).

    In Gin. there also exists a word ʁomoro 'part of beef brisket' (Lomtadze) which must be borrowed from some Bezht.-Gunz. dialect (in PGB a regular correspondence for PTsKh *χ̥1̇ɨmoRV would be *ʁɨmVrV /~-i-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: quru

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brisket

Lak form: quru

Comments: The old meaning 'breast, chest' is preserved in the compound qara-žip 'breast pocket'. qara- is probably the old obl. stem, preserved also in some adverbs: qara-lu 'under one's arm' (cf. Khosr. qara-lalu 'armpit'), qara-j 'on the shoulder'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *miqiri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: breast, chest

Akusha: miqir

Chiragh: miqire

Comments: Cf. also Ur. miqiri, Kub. muqaj

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *moχor

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 breast 2 female breast 3 breast meat, brisket

Lezghian: χur 1

Tabasaran: muχur 1

Agul: muχur 1

Rutul: mɨχɨr 1

Tsakhur: muχu 2

Kryz: maχar 1

Budukh: maχar 1

Archi: moχor 3

Comment: 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages. Not quite clear is the -a-vocalism in Shakhdagh.

    See Талибов 1960а, 296; Лексика 1971, 107; Гигинейшвили 1977, 68.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *mVq́:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 arm 2 bosom

Abaza: maqa 1

Ubykh: mǝq́á 2

Comments: Somewhat problematic (semantically) is the position of Abkh. á-maχa 'hip, thigh' (which phonetically is a perfect match for Abaz. maqa).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *nōmqī́

Meaning: breast; heart, mind

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mōnqī (~-ē)

Sino-Tibetan: *niŋ ( ~ -iǝ-) (s-)

Yenisseian: *ʔan[ɨ]ŋ

Comments and references : Somewhat different in NSC 59 *nVmHV; the relationship to PST *ńV̆m `think' is, however, not quite clear. Do we deal with archaic derivation: *nōmV 'think' > *nōm-qī́ 'organ of thinking, mind / heart / breast'?

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *niŋ ( ~ -iǝ-) (s-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: heart

Tibetan: sńiŋ the heart.

Burmese: hnać the heart, LB *sni(k).

Lushai: KC *niŋ.

Kiranti: *niŋ

Comments: Ngente niŋ; Mikir niŋ heart; Garo tǝniŋ brains; Kanauri stiŋ; Rawang ǝniŋ brains. Sh. 134; Ben. 79. Since the meanings 'heart, soul' and 'calm, tranquil' are often related, it seems possible to compare also OCh. 寧 *nēŋ be tranquil, at ease; cf. also Lush. niŋ (nin) to get weary, tired [but cf. for the latter PAN *qeneŋ 'quiet, still, at rest'].

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *niŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: mind

Limbu: niN

Dumi: niŋ

Kulung: niwa

Yamphu: niŋa

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: niN

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: 1) mind, inclination; 2) in the expression niN lɛʔmaʔ: ire, wrath, gall, spleen

Comments: 1) cf. lɔʔmaʔ (7)\x 2)\x vide lɛʔmaʔ (2).\x

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: niN

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: fear, awe

Comments: [< Tibeto-Burman *s-niN 'heart, mind' (Benedict 1972: 79)]; cf. lɨknɨ.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: niwa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: mind

Nepali: man.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: niŋa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: mind, heart, faculty of thinking and feeling.

Nepali: man

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔan[ɨ]ŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to think

Ket: aniŋbɛt⁶ / ańbɛt^5,6 'think', anun⁶ 'mind'

Yug: anɨŋbɛt́⁶ 'think', anɨŋ⁵ 'mind'

Kottish: anaŋaj, pl. anaŋajaŋ "thinking, mind"; anaŋaja "clever"; anaŋajākŋ "think", praet. anaŋajolōkŋ, imp. anaŋajālćek; anaŋaithākŋ "think", praet. -tholōkŋ, imp. -thālćek, pass. -tholāʔuki; (Бол.) angajak "I think"

Arin: anɨpänun (Лоск.) "I think"

Comments: ССЕ 181. Werner 1, 38 *anǝŋ-.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MVNV

Meaning : front, breast

Eurasiatic : *mVńV

Afroasiatic : *mun-

Sino-Caucasian : *nōmqī́

Austric : ? PAA *mɛ:ŋ 'forehead; mouth'

Reference : ND 1448, 1449 (arbitrarily divided).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mVńV

Meaning: front, breast

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *mon-

Altaic: *mi̯óńù

Uralic: Sam. *m[u]ńV 'belly'

Dravidian: *mun- (? + SDr *monc- 'breast' (Lallwort)')

References: ND 1425 *mEn̄V 'front' (Drav. + IE *men- 'protrude' + some Cush., Chad.). It seems that IE *men- is a single root after all, uniting *men- 'protrude' (Lat. -mineō etc., *mon(t)- 'mountain' and *ment- 'chin'; here also Hitt. meni-, mena- 'face, cheek', menahhanda 'before, in front'). The reconstruction ND 1448 *mowE[ń]V 'intestines, belly' is based on a non-existing Alt. root. (Sam. + TM *mōmańa + Cush.), and arbitrarily separated from ND 1449 *mEʔawuńV 'breast, chest, heart' (based on an incorrect TM reconstruction)...

Indo-European etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óńù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heart; breast

Russian meaning: сердце; грудь

Tungus-Manchu: *miańam

Korean: *mằńằm

Japanese: *múnà-i

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. See SKE 136, EAS 79, Whitman 1985, 202, 237, АПиПЯЯ 48, 290, Robbeets 2000, 103. The MKor. variant njǝm- in njǝ̀m-thòŋ 'heart' (which Lee 1958, 115 attempts to compare separately with Manchu ńaman), is most probably just a contraction in a compound < *mằńằm-thòŋ. {If the original meaning was 'front, protruding point', cf. perhaps Mong. mondaɣa, monduɣ 'high ground, mountains, peaks', Bur. mundarga 'woodless rocky summit', whence Manchu muŋGa 'hill, burial mound' ?}

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *miańam

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: heart

Russian meaning: сердце

Evenki: mē̂wan

Negidal: mē̂wan

Spoken Manchu: ńamǝn (86)

Literary Manchu: ńaman

Ulcha: mē̂wa(n)

Orok: mē̂wa(n)

Nanai: m'ǟwa(n)

Oroch: mǟwa(n)

Udighe: meäwa(n-)

Solon: ḿēɣã, mīɣã

Comments: ТМС 1, 533-534. All languages except Manchu underwent an assimilative change *miańam > *miawan; however, Manchu ńaman speaks strongly in favour of the original palatal *ń, corresponding well to the external data.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mằńằm

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: heart

Russian meaning: сердце

Modern Korean: maɨm

Middle Korean: mằńằm

Comments: Nam 196, KED 564.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *múnà-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: breast

Russian meaning: грудь

Old Japanese: mune

Middle Japanese: múnè

Tokyo: muné

Kyoto: múnè

Kagoshima: múne

Comments: JLTT 488. muna- in OJ compounds (muna-saka etc.).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *mun-

Meaning : front

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *mun-

Proto-Telugu : *mun-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *mun-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *mun-

Proto-North Dravidian : *mund

Brahui : mōn

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *mun-

Meaning : front

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : mun_

Tamil meaning : in front, previous, prior; antiquity, eminence; sign of the locative

Tamil derivates : mun_pu former time, front, antiquity; bodily strength, greatness; before, in front of, formerly; mun_pan_ powerful man, leader, master; mun_r_-il front of a house, space; mun_n_am in front; mun_n_ar before, in advance, in front of, in former times; mun_n_avan_ the first being, Śiva, elder brother; mun_n_avaḷ elder sister; goddess of misfortune; mun_n_u (mun_n_i-) to meet, reach, join, precede; mun_n_ē before, in the presence of; mun_n_ai former times, antiquity; elder sister, elder brother; mun_n_ōr predecessors, ancestors, the ancients, chief ministers; mun_n_ōn_ Gaṇeśa, god, predecessor, ancestor, father, elder brother; mun_ātu that which is in front, that which is earlier; mun_ai front, face, appearance, superiority, eminence, point, sharpened end, edge, cape, headland; mun_aiñar commander of an army; mun_aivan_ God, as the first being, saint, chief, Arhat, the Buddha; mur_r_ai formerly, before; muttai front; munti front, outer edge of cloth; some time before; muntu (munti-) to come in front, advance, meet, be prior in time or place, take precedence, take the lead, be first, surpass, excel, be old, of long standing; n. antiquity, priority, beginning; muntai antiquity, the past, former time; ancestor; in front of

Malayalam : mun, munnam

Malayalam meaning : priority in space and time; first, former; before

Malayalam derivates : munnamē before; munnar forepart of animals; munnal presence; munni cape, headland; munnil, munnē before; munnēyavan, munnēvan the former; munti the edge, skirt of cloth; muntuka to overtake; muntiyatu previous; mumpu the front, presence; mumpan the foremost, principal; mumpināl formerly; mumpil in front; mumpē before; muna a sharp point, sharpness, promontory; munampu headland, tip; munakka to go before

Kannada : mun (muṃ), munnu

Kannada meaning : that which is before, in front of, or preceding in space, that which is preceding in time, that which is towards a place (etc.), in front or onward, that which is following

Kannada derivates : muñcu to be or go before or first, precede, outgo, go beyond, exceed, outdo, surpass, excel; n. state of preceding or being before in time or position, state of being previous or prior, former time; muñcita state of being before in time, beforehand, previous or prior; muñca a man of the front, chief, leader; muñce in advance, in the first place, previously, formerly, first, beforehand, before, earlier than; muntu, munda, mundu the front part or side, front, state of being in front of anything that is behind, state of being advanced in position, that of being first, state of being before or previous, state of being future; mundu to precede; munna, munnam, munnal the front, etc.; in front, before; formerly, previously; first, prior to, preceding; following, henceforth; munne even the front, etc.; mumbiga a man of the front; mumbu forepart, front, the direction of the front, state of being previous; mone point, extremity, end; sharpness; state of being before

Kodagu : miñña

Kodagu meaning : in front, further

Kodagu derivates : muppoḍe previous; mumbāra the fore; mumbɨ predominance; muŋ gay forearm; mone sharp point; (Kar.) mund- (mundi-) to go ahead

Tulu : mundaṇa

Tulu meaning : priority; first, prior; future

Tulu derivates : mundaripuni, mundarisuni, munderiyuni, munderuni, mundersuni to advance, march, continue, carry on; mundilụ courtyard of a house; mundè before, in front; munni tip, lappet; munnigè hem of a dressing garment; munè, munnè, moṇè, monè point, end, extremity; moṇepu small piece of land stretching into a river

Proto-Nilgiri : *mun(d)-

Number in DED : 5020

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *mun(d)-

Meaning : front

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : mun-, mu- "front, fore"

Toda : mudk "in front; next year (? -k dative suffix)"

Additional forms : Also Kota mund, mind previous time, state of being before in space; mundal, mindal being first or before; mund- (mundy-), mind- (mindy-) to go in front, act first; mundy [gerund] before; mon point; muŋgār forward, in front, early; Toda mudāl first; mubōy fas_ front teeth; mun in front (MBE 1974b, p. 64, K78); former (mun gōs_tk in former times, < *mun gōs_m, DBIA, no. 97); mɨn sharp point, top of hill; mɨnp sharp end of horn

Number in DED : 5020

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *mun-

Meaning : first, former, previous, front

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : muni

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : munucu "to go or appear before"

Additional forms : Also munimuŋgala the very front; [1] munu-konu, [2] munu-paḍu to come to the front, lead; munupaṭi former, previous; munupu the past, a former period in time; formerly, of old, previously; munumu the front or van of an army; [1] munumunu, [2] munumunnu first of all, in the very beginning; (K) munupu to cause to appear, show; (K) muncu to increase, excel; munnā̆ḍi first; munnu former period of time; formerly, first; muŋgali front, foremost; muŋgili courtyard; mundaṭa(n) in front, before; mundaṭi first, former, prior; front; mundara the front, former or past time; in front, before, first; in the last instance; previously, formerly; hereafter, in the future; mundu the front, state of being first or early; priority, past time, the past; first, front, earlier, prior, previous; adv. first, early, to begin with, in former times; mona point, extremity, tip, the front; monakā̃ḍu general, leader, chief; monakonu to begin, commence; monayu id., prevail

Number in DED : 5020

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *mun-

Meaning : front

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : mut "before"

Naikri : mund "before"

Naiki : muṛ "in front of"

Parji : mundi "in front"

Salur Gadba : mundēl "the front"

Poya Gadba : mundel "the front"

Additional forms : Also Kolami mutta sāl next year; (Pat.) muttung next year; muni sting of scorpion; Naiki muṛta sāl coming year; murtun next year; Parji muna vanda forefinger; munni before; munnited first, the one in front; mundel in front, before; mund kekol front part of ear; mūni, (S) mona tip, point

Number in DED : 5020

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *mun-

Meaning : front; tip

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *mun-e

Konda : muŋgal

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *mun-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *mun-e

Meaning : before, in front of

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : munnē "before, in front; next year"

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : munnē

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : munnē

Gommu Gondi : mune

Muria Gondi : munne "in front of, previously"

Maria Gondi : munne "in front of, previously"

Seoni Gondi : munne "in front of, previously"

Koya Gondi : munne "in front of, previously"

Yeotmal Gondi : munne "in front of, previously"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : mūne "ahead"

Adilabad Gondi : munnevāl "(SR) leader"

Durg Gondi : mune

Number in DED : 5020

Number in CVOTGD : 2892

Konda etymology :

Konda : muŋgal

Meaning: in front

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : mundala

Number in DED : 5020

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *mun-

Meaning : point (of needle, etc.)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Israel) : munu

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_Isr munu kut- to bow head

Number in DED : 5020

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *mund

Meaning : first; former

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : munddh, mund "first, ahead of, previous to, before that time, ago"

Malto : mundi "formerly, in ancient times"

Additional forms : Also KUR muńjā the extremity, beginning, headpoint, end; MLT mundoti ancient.

Number in DED : 5020

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : mōn

Meaning : front

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Additional forms : Also BRA mōnī being in front; must before, formerly

Number in DED : 5020

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mun-

Meaning: heart, liver

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Central Chadic: *mu/in- 'liver' 1, 'intestines' 2, 'womb' 3

South Cushitic: *mun- 'heart'

Dahalo (Sanye): muna 'heart'

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *mu/in-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'liver' 1, 'intestines' 2, 'womb' 3

Tera: mɨnà 2 [Kr N 69]

Gaanda: mǝ̀nǝ̀-tta 1 [Kr]

Hwona: mǝ̄na-̀rā 1[Kr N 70]

Higi Nkafa: m̀nɛ̀ 1 {Kr N 70], m̀ni 2 [Kr N69]

Fali Gili: mini 1 [Kr N 70]

Kapsiki=Higi Kamale: m̀unɛ̀ 1 {Kr N 70],

Mafa=Matakam: mǝ̀na-ḍ 1[Kr N 70]

Gude: múunǝ́-nǝ 3 [Hs]

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *mun-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart'

Iraqw (Mbulu): muna

Burunge (Mbulungi): muna

Asa-Aramanic: mon-ok

Qwadza (Ngomvia): mun-ako

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: muna

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'heart'

Notes: Cf. mani 'large intestine'.

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