Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *marχo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cloud

Chechen: marχa

Ingush: morχ

Comments: 4th class in both languages.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mărƛwĂ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cloud, rain-cloud

Proto-Nakh: *marχo

Proto-Lak: bark

Proto-Dargwa: *mark(ʷ)a

Proto-Lezghian: *marʎʷ

Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝƛa

Notes: Correspondences are regular: in PWC a usual denasalisation of *m- before a (former) medial liquid, and delabialisation *ƛʷ > *ƛ after a labial initial. Not quite clear, however, is the denasalisation (m- > b-) in the Lak. dialectal form. The comparison seems quite reliable both phonetically and semantically.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: bark

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a high cloud

Lak form: bark (Khosr.)

Comments: Gen. pl. bark-urdil.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *mark(ʷ)a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain; dew

Akusha: marka

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kait. marka, Kub. māka etc. Labialisation seems to be preserved in Tsud. markʷa, and also in Arch. makʷ 'dew' which is an old loanword from Darg.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *marʎʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 rain 2 foam

Lezghian: marf 1

Tabasaran: marx 1

Agul: marf 1 (Fit.)

Rutul: maf 1 (Khniukh.)

Budukh: mǝf 1

Archi: moʎ 2

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. marx, Arch. erg. miʎi. Obl. base unknown. 3d class in Arch., but 4th class in Rut. and Bud.

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 240.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝƛa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cloud

Adyghe: pš́a

Kabardian: pša

Comments: PAK *pč́a. Shagirov's etymology (2,28) from *psǝ-č́a 'bringing water' is not enough grounded phonetically. Since PAK *č́ regularly goes back to PAT *ƛ we prefer to compare the AK root directly with the EC material.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mărƛwÁ

Meaning: cloud

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mărƛwĂ

Sino-Tibetan: *mūk

Yenisseian: *pV(ʔ)r (*ʔas-pVr)

Comments and references : NSC 59 *marƛwV, LV C5.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mūk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fog

Chinese: 霂 *m_ōk drizzle.

Tibetan: rmugs, smug a dense fog.

Kachin: muʔ¹ cloudy.

Lepcha: muk foggy, misty, overclouded

Kiranti: *mV(k)-

Comments: Sh. 38; Ben. 77. Cf. Tani *muk cloud.

Chinese characters :

Character: 霂

Modern (Beijing) reading: mù

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)ōk

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)ōk

Western Han Chinese: m(h)ōk

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)ōk

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ōk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ōk

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wōk

Middle Chinese: muk

English meaning : drizzle

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 1212 f

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *mV(k)-

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: cloud

Tulung: muse

Kulung: mɔm

Comments: For -se in Tul cf. khase 'cloud' (see *Kám-); the structure of the Kulung form is not quite clear.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: mɔm

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: cloud

Nepali: bādal.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pVr (*ʔas-pVr)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cloud

Ket: aśpuĺ^5,6, pl. aśpuĺǝŋ⁵

Yug: asfɨl^5,6, pl. asfi:ĺ³

Kottish: ašpar, *ašpoŕ, pl. *ašparaŋ, *ašpóraŋ "cloud"; tī-par "fog" (see *tVx-)

Arin: ejš paraŋ (Стр.) "sky"; esperaŋ (М.) "cloud"

Comments: ССЕ 255. The component *ʔas- is evidently the old Ablaut variant of *ʔes 'sky' q.v. Werner 1, 71 <*p^hǝʎ, *es-p^hǝʎ>.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MVRV

Meaning : wet

Eurasiatic : *mäŕä

Afroasiatic : *mar- (+ Eg. mr- 'canal, lake'

Sino-Caucasian : *mărƛwÁ

Austric : PAA *Cǝmǝl 'cloud', ?PAN *lemer 'wet' (Peiros 1989: *miɣmiɣ 'to wet')

Reference : МССНЯ 334, ОСНЯ 2, 60-61.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mäŕä

Meaning: wet

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *mar-

Altaic: *mi̯ū̀ri ( ~ -ŕ-)

Uralic: *märV (also *marV )

Kartvelian: *mar-

Dravidian: *maṛ- (?)

Eskimo-Aleut: *ǝmǝʁ (???)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *mɨrɨ 'tear'

Comments: In Drav. cf. also *muṛṇ- 'to be immersed, sink' (which, however, can be also compared with *ńorV q.v.?)

References: МССНЯ 334, ОСНЯ 2, 60-61. ND 1461 *moRE 'body of water', 1480 *mAŕV 'rain, cloud' (despite, ND, not opposed anywhere and hardly separable).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *mar-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: marsh, lake, sea

Old Indian: maryādā f. `frontier, limits, boundary' (L. also maryā f.); mīra- m. `the sea, ocean; (L. also) limit, boundary'

Slavic: *morje

Baltic: *mar-i n.?, *mar-iā̃, *mar-jā̂ f.

Germanic: *mar-i- c., n., *mar-isk-a- m., *mōr-a- m., n., *mōr-i- c., *mōr-iōn- f.

Latin: mare, -is, abl. -ī (/-e) n. `Meer'

Celtic: Gaul Are-morici "Meeranwohner"; OIr muir, gen. mora n. `Meer', Cymr mor `Meer', Corn mor `Meer', Bret mor `Meer'

Russ. meaning: стоячая вода, болото; озеро, море

References: WP II 234 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *mar-i n.?, *mar-iā̃, *mar-jā̂ f.

Meaning: sea, harbour

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: marē, pl. mãrēs, mãriōs f. `Meer, See, Haff'

Lettish: mare, mar̨a `Haff'

Old Prussian: mary `Haff' V. 65

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *mari-z, *mari, *mariska-z, *mōra-z, -n, *mōri-z, *mōriōn

Meaning: lake, sea, moor

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *mari-saiw-s m. `lake'; marī f. (n) `see'

Old Norse: mar-r, gen. marar m. `Meer, See'; mȫr-r f. `Sumpfland'

Norwegian: mar; möra f.; dial. mōr `Buschwald'

Swedish: mar-; dial. mar `Moor, Sumpf, Morast'; dial. mōr `Buschwald'

Danish: mar-; dial. mare `Moor, Sumpf, Morast'

Old English: mere (märe), -es m., f.(?) `sea; mere, lake; artificial pool, cistern', mersc, -es m. `marsh', mōr, -ss m. `moor, waste and damp land; high waste ground, mountain'

English: mere

Old Frisian: mar m. `Teich, Graben'

East Frisian: mare `gracht, afwatering', Fris mar `meer'

Old Saxon: meri n., m. `Meer', mōr n. `Moor'

Middle Dutch: mēre n., f. `meer, zee'; maer, māre `plas, poel, meer, moeras; wetering'; Kil. moerasch; maras, marasch, mares m., n. `moeras; meer'; moer `slijk, moeras'

Dutch: meer n.; maar f. `gracht, afvoerkanaal'; moeras n.; dial. moer n. `veengrond, veenmoeras'

Middle Low German: mēr `Meer'; marsch, mersch `Sumpf'; mare `gracht, afwatering'; mōr

Old High German: { mari }, meri m., n. `Meer' (8.Jh.); { marī, merī `Meer' }; muor n. `Sumpf, Morast, Moor' (9.Jh.); salz-muorra `Salzsumpf'

Middle High German: mɛr st. n. 'das meer'; muor st. n. 'sumpf, morast, moor; meer'

German: Meer n.; [ Moor n. < LG ]; dial. Nuer `Sumpf, Moor', keuls. maar `Meer'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1326

Root: mori, mōri

English meaning: sea

German meaning: `Meer'; germ. auch `stehendes Wasser'

Material: Lat. mare, -is n. (i-St.; Gen. Pl. marum sekundär; mit unklarem a); air. muir Gen. mora n., cymr. corn. bret. mor `Meer', gall. Mor-inī, Aremori-cī VN `Meeranwohner', mori-marusa `mare mortum'; ON Mori-dūnum `Murten'; got. marei f. `Meer', as. meri, ahd. marī, merī ds. (-īn-St.); got. mari-saiws m. `See', aisl. marr, Gen. marar m. `Meer, See', ahd. mari, meri (Gen. meres) m. n. `Meer', ags. mere m. `Meer, See, Teich', as. meri m. `Graben, Teich'; mit -sk-Suff. ags. merisc m. `Sumpf' (vgl. mlat. marisca ds., germ. Lw.), as. mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, `Marsch'; mit -g-Suff. ags. merece m., aisl. merki; dehnstuf. ags. mōr m., as. mōr n., ahd. muor n. `Moor, Meer', aisl. mørr f. `Sumpfland', ahd. salz-muorra `Salzsumpf' (*mōri̯ō); apr. mary `Haff' (*marē); lit. mãrė, meist f. Pl. mãrės, mãrios `Meer, Ostsee, kurisches Haff'; aksl. morje `Meer';baltoslav. *pa-marii̯a- n. `Meeresgegend' in lit. pa-marỹs m., pa-mãrė f. `Seeküste', aksl. po-morije `Meeresgebiet', nhd. Pommern.

References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; nach Specht Idg. Dekl. 119 zu mer-3.

Pages: 748

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ū̀ri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Mongolian: *mören

Tungus-Manchu: *mū

Korean: *mɨ́r

Japanese: *mí(-n-tú)

Comments: EAS 79, 147, KW 267, Poppe 35, Lee 1958, 115, Martin 246, ОСНЯ 2, 61, Murayama 1962, 109, Menges 1984, 277-278, АПиПЯЯ 28-29, 69, 86, 278, Rozycki 160. Turkic has preserved the root only within the archaic compound *jag-mur 'rain'. Tone in Jpn. is irregular (probably because of reduction and the position within a compound; suffixless *mi is also attested in OJ, but its accent is unknown); loss of resonant presupposes a suffixed form: *mí < *mi̯ū̀r(i)-gV (cf. Manchu mū-ke).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *mören

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: river

Russian meaning: река

Written Mongolian: mören (L 548)

Middle Mongolian: muren (HY 2, SH), murän (MA)

Khalkha: mörön

Buriat: müre(n)

Kalmuck: mörṇ

Ordos: mörön

Dongxian: moren, moran

Baoan: moroŋ

Dagur: mure (Тод. Даг. 155, MD 192), mur (Тод. Даг. 155)

Shary-Yoghur: merēn, merēm

Monguor: murōn (SM 250)

Comments: KW 267, MGCD 298, 492. Mong. > MTurk. mürän 'river' (TMN 1, 506, Щербак 1997, 206). The MMong. form in LHa - merän - is certainly not enough to reconstruct PM *meren, as attempted by Doerfer (TMN 1, 507) (cf. -ö- or -ü- in other sources). This is obviously done in order to attack the traditional etymology of the word, which nevertheless still holds.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *mū

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Evenki: mū

Even: mȫ

Negidal: mū

Spoken Manchu: mukē, mukū (347)

Literary Manchu: muke

Jurchen: mo (51)

Ulcha: mū

Orok: mū

Nanai: muke

Oroch: mū

Udighe: mu-de 'inundation'

Solon: mū

Comments: ТМС 1, 548-549.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mɨ́r

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Modern Korean: mul

Middle Korean: mɨ́r

Comments: Nam 229, KED 675.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *mí(-n-tú)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Old Japanese: mjidu

Middle Japanese: mídú

Tokyo: mìzu

Kyoto: mízú

Kagoshima: mízu ( = míT)

Nase: mùǯí

Shuri: míǯì

Hateruma: mìʒɨ̀

Yonakuni: míŃ

Comments: JLTT 483.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1826

Proto: *märV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to dive

German meaning: untertauchen

Khanty (Ostyak): mȧ̆rǝt- (J O), mĕrǝt- (DN) 'untertauchen, tauchen'

Mansi (Vogul): marėχt- (LM) 'öfters tauchen', jol-mārėχt- (N) id., mɔ̄̈rǝŋ (KM) 'далеко нырять', māraχt- (LO) 'нырнуть'

Hungarian: mer- 'schöpfen', merít- 'id., tauchen', merül- 'sinken, tauchen'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *mar-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: влага

English meaning: moisture

Megrel: mere ( > West Georg. dial. mere 'ploughed lowland')

Megrel meaning (Rus.): озеро

Megrel meaning (Eng.): lake

Svan: mare, märe

Svan meaning (Rus.): облако

Svan meaning (Eng.): cloud

Notes and references: См. ОСНЯ 2, 60, где основа сопоставляется с ПИЕ *mor- 'болото, море', драв. *mar..-ai 'дождь', алт. *miūri 'вода' < ностр. *mäŕä.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *maẓ- (?)

Meaning : rain

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *maẓ-ai

Notes : SDR isogloss. Cf. *maṛ- 'blunt, dim, dark'.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *maẓ-ai

Meaning : rain

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : maẓai

Tamil meaning : rain, cloud, water, blackness, darkness, coolness

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to be charged with rain, become dark as a cloud, be cool

Malayalam : maẓa

Malayalam meaning : rain

Kannada : maẓe

Kannada meaning : rain

Kodagu : maḷe

Kodagu meaning : rain

Tulu : maḷe

Tulu meaning : rain

Tulu derivates : maryāḷa rainy season, monsoon

Proto-Nilgiri : *maṛä

Number in DED : 4753

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *maṛä

Meaning : rain

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : may

Toda : maw

Additional forms : Also Toda maṣ tɨr_ water running after rain (tɨr_ swamp)

Number in DED : 4753

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ǝmǝʁ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Proto-Yupik: *ǝmǝʁ

Proto-Inupik: *ǝmǝʁ

Comments: Cf. *ǝmǝʁ- 'to drink' and its derivatives.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 110

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *ǝmǝʁ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: water (fresh)

Russian Meaning: вода (пресная)

Sirenik: mǝχ, //ǝmǝχ [Krup.]

Chaplino: mǝq (ʁǝt), müq*, mɨq*

Naukan: ǝmǝ́q

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ǝmǝq (ʁ)

Chugach (Birket-Smith): mụq

Central Alaskan Yupik: [ǝ]mǝq (mǝʁʁa 3sg.)

Nunivak (Peripheral): mạχ*, ǝmǝχ

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 110

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *ǝ̣̊mǝ̣ʁ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: water

Russian meaning: вода

Seward Peninsula Inupik: imiq

SPI Dialects: Imaq ɨmɨ́q, W ümüq* (immük, imʁit)

North Alaskan Inupik: imɨq (ʁ)

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl imiq*

Western Canadian Inupik: imiq

WCI Dialects: Cor, M imiq*

Eastern Canadian Inupik: imiq

Greenlandic Inupik: imiq (ʁ) (imeq*)

GRI Dialects: EG imiq 'water, lake'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 110

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *mɨrɨ "

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): слеза

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *mɨrɨ "

Proto-Itelmen: *măz- "

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *mɨrɨ "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): слеза

Chukchee: mére-mer "

Koryak: meje (II), miji

Palan: mere-mer "

Alutor: miri-mir ", lǝla-miri-wwi pl.

Comments: Вариант корня *mir 'слюна'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *măz- "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): слеза

Itelmen: mz-

Itelmen meaning: слеза

West Itelmen: maz-malx

West Itelmen meaning: lacrima

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): ɫza

South Itelmen: mizi-m_z (miza-d pl.)

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): lacrima

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): ɫza

Number in Volodin 1976: 59

Comments: В издании записей Дыбовского в юж. камч. неправильно прочитано русское рукописное "м" = [m] как "ле" = [le], отсюда mizilez вместо mizimz. Вторая часть в зап. камч. не ясна.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-

Meaning: drop, rain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *mar- 'drop'

Berber: *mVr- 'pour'

East Chadic: *mar- 'rain'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 703

Proto-Semitic: *mar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'drop'

Hebrew: mār

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *mVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'pour'

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): ǝmmir

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *mar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'rain'

Somrai: mā̀:rī [Jg]

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *mV[r]

Meaning: wet; cloud

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *mǝl

Austroasiatic meaning: cloud

Munda parallels: Mun rimbil cloud

Proto-Austronesian: *lemer

Austronesian meaning: wet

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *mǝl

Meaning: cloud

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: Cǝ-

Proto-Katuic: WK *mɨl

Proto-Bahnaric: *mVl

Proto-Vietic: *mǝl, H-

Proto-Palaungic: Hu moŋ.31 mo.31

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *mɨl

Meaning: cloud, fog, mist

Presyllable: rǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *mɨl

References: TK1.36

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *mɨl

Meaning: cloud, fog, mist

Presyllable: rǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ramɨl

Bru Van Keu meaning: cloud

So: lamɨ:l.B V?

So meaning: cloud

Sou: hamil

Kui: lǝmʌl.B

Kui meaning: cloud

Kuay: ramʌl.B

Kuay meaning: cloud

Ngeu: lǝme:

Ngeu meaning: cloud

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *mVl

Meaning: cloud

Presyllable: sǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: hǝmǝl

Bahnar meaning: clouds

Proto-South Bahnaric: *muǝl, hǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *mo:l, sǝ-

Harak: samo:

References: JS-817, TB1.8a

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *muǝl, hǝ-

Meaning: cloud

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Other SB languages: Köho mhoal

References: SBS-704

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *mo:l, sǝ-

Meaning: cloud

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: hmǝl

Jaru meaning: cloud; TL: mho:l

Lavi: hamaw T?

Juk: samo:l

References: JS-817

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak:

Meaning: cloud

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: samo:

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *mǝl, H-

Meaning: cloud

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: mây

Thomon: mǝn.43

Tum: mǝl.45

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *mV

Meaning: cloud

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Angku: Hu moŋ.31 mo.31

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