Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=aʔ- (~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to come

Chechen: =ā-n

Ingush: =a-n

Batsbi: =aʔ-ar

Comments: PN term. *=aʔ- (or *=āʔ-; the vowel length is unclear because of loss of the laryngeal in Chech.), dur. *=ēʔ- (Chech. -eʔ-, Bacb. -eʔ-).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=VʔwV(r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go, to come

Proto-Nakh: *=aʔ- (~ -ā-)

Proto-Tsezian: *-VH-

Proto-Lak: ha-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ah-/*=ih(r)-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVʔʷV(r)-

Proto-West Caucasian: *jǝ

Notes: One of several NC verb stems with root laryngeal. Vocalism in such roots is usually hard to reconstruct.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-VH-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go, come

Bezhta: g-oh- (imper.)

Gunzib: g-uʔ-

Comments: Vowel quality unclear (because of assimilations due to class infixes: cf. Bezht. g-oh-/ g-ih-/ g-uh-, Gunz. guʔ-/gij-); also irregular are correspondences between laryngeals. Cf. also Bezht. Khosh. g-uw- (with alternations: g-ō- / g-ī- / g-ū-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ha-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go (term.)

Lak form: ha-n

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=ah-/*=ih(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Akusha: =ir-es

Chiragh: =a- (ej)

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ih-/=ir- 'go'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVʔʷV(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to go 2 to come

Rutul: ruʔu-

Tsakhur: =ōr-a (pres.)

Comment: In Tsakh. the stem is used in imperative (in pres. it has the shape -(h)aI, cf. aIl-ha 'to go', qI-ā 'to go away', aor. q-a=ɨ; s-āI 'to gather', aor. s-a=ɨ). In Rut. it is used both in the paradigm of the verb 'to go' and as a constative in the paradigm of the verbs 'to be, to become' ("is becoming...").

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *jǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: come

Abkhaz: a-né-jra

Abaza: ʕa-jra

Comments: PAT *jǝ, used only with locative preverbs (*na-jǝ- 'come there', *ʕa-jǝ- 'come here'). There are no known parallels in other WC languages, but there exist possible EC correspondences.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVrV

Meaning: to go, come

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=VʔwV(r)

Sino-Tibetan: *rǝ̄

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rǝ̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: come

Chinese: 來 *rǝ̄ come.

Lushai: KC *ra come.

Comments: Thebor ra, Bunan ra. Sh. 138. Cf. also: Tujia ɣɨ.3 'go', Cuona-Menba ra.35 'come', BG *ra(i) 'go, walk', Naga *rV 'come', Magar rǝ-, Muya ri.35 id.

Chinese characters :

Character: 來

Modern (Beijing) reading: lái lài [låi]

Preclassic Old Chinese: rǝ̄ rǝ̄s

Classic Old Chinese: rǝ̄ rǝ̄h

Western Han Chinese: rǝ̄ rǝ̄h

Eastern Han Chinese: rǝ̄ rǝ̄h

Early Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄ lǝ̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄ lǝ̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄j lǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: lʌj lʌ̀j

Fanqie: 勒孩 [a] 勒礙 [b]

Rhyme class: 灰 [a] 隊 [b]

English meaning : to come; wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) приходить, прибывать; появляться; происходить (из, от); 2) призывать, приглашать; 3) направлять, присылать; приносить, подавать; 4) делать; пробовать; уметь; получается; давай!; 5) будущий; наступающий, грядущий; 6) со времени; за (столько-то времени); 7) слишком (при числительных); 8) вспомогательный глагол, указывающий а) на следующий за ним основной глагол конструкции с указанием приближения действия к говорящему лицу; б) вводит обстоятельство цели; 9) глагольный суффикс, указывающий на направление действия к говорящему лицу; 10) древн. конечная частица предложения, указывающая на законченность действия; 11) древн. пшеница; 12) Лай (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 周所受瑞麥來麰. 一來二縫. 象芒束之形. 天所來也. 故為行來之來. 時曰. 詒我來麰. 凡來之屬皆從來.

Comments: There must have existed an OC variant *rǝ̄-s, reflected in some Shijing rhymes, as well as in Viet. lại (a colloquial form; standard Sino-Viet. is lai). For OC *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen, Chaozhou lai2, Fuzhou li2, Jianou lɛ2, lai9, Jianyang le2, Shaowu li2. With the meaning 'Triticum' the graph was probably read *mrǝ̄k, being just a variant of 麥 q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 5299

Karlgren code: 0944 a-e

Vietnamese reading: lại

Jianchuan Bai: ɣɨ1

Dali Bai: jɨ1

Bijiang Bai: ja6

Shijing occurrences: 30.2_, 33.3_, 35.6, 58.1, 58.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 482

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 來

MC description : 蟹開一平咍來

ZIHUI: 0171 1064

Beijing: lai 12

Jinan: lɛ 12

Xi'an: lɛ 12

Taiyuan: lai 1

Hankou: nai 12

Chengdu: nai 12

Yangzhou: lɛ 12

Suzhou: le_ 12

Wenzhou: le_ 12

Changsha: nai 12

Shuangfeng: nie 12

Nanchang: lai 31

Meixian: lɔi 12

Guangzhou: lɔi 12

Xiamen: lai 12

Chaozhou: lai 12

Fuzhou: lai 12 (lit.); li 12

Shanghai: le_ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: lai 12

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRV

Meaning : come, go; rise

Eurasiatic : *Horä

Afroasiatic : Cush. *ʔurr- 'top', Berb. *wu/ir 'be above' (also Chad., Cush. 'stand')

Sino-Caucasian : *HVrV

Austric : *jVr 'stand up'; PAN *aRi 'come, let's go'

Reference : GE 61 *ari (only ST and AN).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *Horä

Meaning: to rise; move, go

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *or(u̯)-, *ŏr-ei̯ǝ-; *(o)rewǝ- / *(o)rowǝ- 1332

Altaic: *ṓŕi

Kartvelian: Georg. r- 'to go, walk, ride'

Dravidian: *ēr_- (*-d_-)

Comments: Cf. also: PAA *ī́re 'to enter', PCK *'re- id.

References: ОСНЯ 1, 254, МССНЯ 355; ND 83 *ʔuŕE 'top', 816 *.erU ~ *.orE 'go upwards, rise'; 1954 *rUʔV 'go away, run' (?+ Eg, Cush, Chad).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *or(w)- <PIH *o->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to lift, to rise, to move

Hittite: ar-/er- (II) 'ankommen, gelangen nach, kommen zu', (med.) 'stehen, sich stellen'; pal. ar `gelangen (?)', luw. ari(ya)- 'ankommen' (?) (Tischler 48-49); arai- (II) 'sich erheben' (Tischler 52); arnu- (I) 'in Bewegung setzen, fort- oder herbringen' (Tischler 64); aru- 'hoch' (Tischler 70-71)

Tokharian: A ar-, B er- (PT *er-) 'evoke, bring forth, produce' (Adams 92-3)

Old Indian: r̥ṇóti, r̥ṇváti, r̥cchati `to go, move, rise, tend upwards; go towards, reach, obtain'; sam-ará- m. n. `meeting, encounter, conflict'; írya- `active, powerful, energetical'; árvan, árvant- `running, hasting'

Avestan: ar- `(sich) in Bewegung setzen, hingelagen'; hamara- m. `Gegnert, Widersacher'; aurva-, aurvant- `schnell, tapfer'

Other Iranian: OPers rasatiy `kommt, gelangt', NPers rasad `id.'

Armenian: y-arnem `erhebe mich, stehe auf'

Old Greek: órnümai̯, aor. ōrómǟn, -eto, ō̂rto, órmeno-, pf. órōra `sich regen, sich erheben, lossturzen, eilen'; órnǖmi/ -nǘō, aor. ō̂rsa, ṓrore, fut. órsō, aor. pass. ō̂rthēn `erregen, antreiben, ermuntern'; orto-, orsi-/orti- в сложениях; thé-orto- `von der Göttern ausgegangen', né-orto- `neuerstanden'

Germanic: *arw-a- adj.; *ir-n-a- vb.

Latin: orior (-eris/-īris), oritūrus, ortus, orīrī `aufstehen, sich erheben; aufsteigen; entstehen, geboren sein, abstammen'; ortu, -ūs m. `Aufgang (eines Gestirns), Geburt, Abstammung'

Other Italic: Umbr ortom `ortum', urtas `ortae, surgentēs', urtes `surgentibus'

Russ. meaning: поднимать(ся), двигать(ся)

References: WP I 136 f, Buck 23.

Comments: Cf. other similar roots in *er-, *ar-.

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *arwa-; *irnan- vb.

Meaning: quick, active

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: ɔr-r `freigebig, milde'

Old English: earu `quick, active, ready'; arod `quick, swift, ready, prepared'; irnan (arn, urnon; urnen) `id.', { ärnan }

Old Saxon: aru `hurtig, bereit, flink'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ṓŕi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rise, up

Russian meaning: подниматься, верх

Turkic: *ǖŕ (/*ȫŕ)

Mongolian: *ergü- (*örgü-)

Korean: *òrắ-

Japanese: *ura(i)

Comments: SKE 178, EAS 107, ОСНЯ 1, 254. Despite Щербак 1997, 131 the Mong. stem cannot be regarded as a Turkic loanword. The root is sometimes difficult to distinguish from *p`ṓre q. v. See also notes to *p`i̯ŏlge.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ǖŕ (/*ȫŕ)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: on top, high above

Russian meaning: наверху, высоко над

Old Turkic: üze / öze (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: üze (MK)

Turkish: üzer 'upper part'

Middle Turkic: üze (Pav. C., Бор. Бад.)

Sary-Yughur: üze, üzi

Azerbaidzhan: üzäri

Oyrat: üzeri

Chuvash: vir (<*ö̆ŕ)

Yakut: ǖhe, üöhe

Dolgan: ühe, üöhe

Comments: A common Turkic derivative is *üŕ-t (with secondary vowel shortening): OT üst, Turkm. üst, Tat. ös, Khal. ist etc. 'upper part'. See EDT 280-281, VEWT 523, 524, ЭСТЯ 1, 622-623, 638-639, Stachowski 249, 251, 255.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ergü- (*örgü-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to lift, raise

Russian meaning: поднимать

Written Mongolian: ergü-, örgü- (L 325)

Middle Mongolian: ergu- (HY 33, SH), wärgo- (IM), urg(i)- (MA)

Khalkha: örgö-

Buriat: ürge-

Kalmuck: örgǝ-

Ordos: ürgü-

Dongxian: uGu-

Dagur: erewē- (MD 146), ergue-

Shary-Yoghur: orgomǯilī

Monguor: urgu- (SM 475)

Comments: MGCD 548. Cf. also WMong. örni- 'to grow, increase'. Derived is WMong. örgüge, ergüge, Khalkha örgȫ 'tent, palace' > Khak. örge etc., see KW 299. Note that the root should be kept distinct from *öre- 'to arrange, put in a row' (v. sub *ŏŕe).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *òrắ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to rise

Russian meaning: подниматься

Modern Korean: orɨ-

Middle Korean: òrắ-, òr-

Comments: Nam 380, KED 1199.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ura(i)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: end of a branch, top of a tree

Russian meaning: конец ветки, верхушка дерева

Old Japanese: ura, ure

Tokyo: ura

Comments: JLTT 563. PJ accent is unclear.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ēr_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : to rise; steep

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ēr_-

Proto-Telugu : *rē-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēr_- (*-d_-)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *ēr_-

Meaning : to rise

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ēr_u (ēr_i-)

Tamil meaning : to rise, ascend (as the heavenly bodies), mount, climb, abound in number, weight, or measure, increase in price, quality, spread, be diffused (as poison), grow, be laden (as cargo)

Tamil derivates : ēr_a so as to exceed, more than, above; ēr_r_u (ēr_r_i-) to lift up, raise, increase (as price), load (as a cart or ship), eulogize, found, establish; ēr_r_am mounting, ascending, raising up, rising (as the tide), eulogy, increase, excess, preeminence, well-sweep, picottah; ēl (ēr_p-, ēr_r_-; ēlv-, ēn_r_-) to be excessive, abound; awake from sleep; bear, lift up, carry

Malayalam : ēr_uka

Malayalam meaning : to rise, increase, be much, arise, ascend

Malayalam derivates : ēr_a much, more, beyond; ēr_r_uka to raise, embark, multiply; ēr_r_am rising, ascent, increase, climbing, pulling up, what is too much, embarkation; ēr_r_u mounting palm trees, flow of tide; ēlkka (ēr_r_-) to multiply; ēttam machine to draw water

Kannada : ēr_u

Kannada meaning : to rise, increase, ascend, mount, climb; n. rising, etc., rising ground

Kannada derivates : ēr_i an ascender; ēr_ike, ēr_uta, ēr_uvike rising, increasing, etc.; ēr_isu to raise, place upon, etc.; ēta ascent, rise; picottah; rēgu to rise (as dust), be aroused, excited, angry

Kodagu : ē̈r- (ē̈ri-)

Kodagu meaning : (liquor) rises to head, (poison) diffuses and kills; be more than enough, extra; ē̈ra more than enough

Tulu : ēruni

Tulu meaning : to ascend, climb, rise, be increased

Tulu derivates : ērāvuni to raise, increase, load, embark; rēgiyuni to be excited; erkụ rising or accumulation of water; ertè flood-tide; yāta engine for drawing water

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēr_- (caus. *ēt_-)

Number in DED : 0916

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēr_-

Meaning : to rise

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : ēr- (ēry-) "(advice) is listened to"

Toda : ȫr_- (ȫr_y-) "to rise high, (position, disease) is diffused, load (bullock, cart)"

Additional forms : Also Kota ēr, ērēr, ērr up; ēr big; ēt_- (ēc-) to place (burden) on (person or animal); ēt_l act of raising (e. g. a fine); ēt_ aṇ edge of bank of stream or tank (or with 5159); Toda ȫr_c- (ȫr_č-) to make high; et_- (et_y-) to raise, in: pōw ful et_- to thatch the tī dairy (i. e. to raise the thatching grass to/of the dairy), ās_ fōn et_- to burn the model house at a woman's funeral (lit. to raise the house to the sky)

Notes : In Toda et_- the vowel is short most probably because it functions only in compounds.

Number in DED : 916

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *rē-

Meaning : to be excited, rage, rise (B., as dust), swell

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : rē̃gu

Dialectal forms (1) : rēgu

Dialectal forms (2) : rēvu

Additional forms : Also rēyu to increase, rise, swell, rage; [1] rē̃cu, [2] r_ē̃cu, [3] rē̃pu to excite, rouse, provoke; [1] rēpu, [2] r_ēpu morning, tomorrow, (B) dawn; rēpakaḍa morning, dawn; reccu to rise, swell, increase; lēcu to rise, get up, sprout, spring up, rise from sleep, be roused from sleep; lēpu to rouse, awake, rise, excite, stir up

Number in DED : 916

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēr_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : steep

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : ēr_asi

Konda etymology :

Konda : ēr_asi

Meaning: steep, steeply rising

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 916

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *jVr

Meaning: stand (up)

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *jV:r

Austroasiatic meaning: stand up

Proto-Thai: jɨ:n.A to stand CK

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *jV:r

Meaning: stand up

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: jɨ:n.A to stand CK

Proto-Katuic: *juor

Proto-Bahnaric: NWB *ju:r

Khmer: ʒhɔ:r < OK ʒhar E?

Proto-Vietic: [*jǝlʔ]

Proto-Monic: M ja:

Proto-Palaungic: An *cɔ:r I?

Proto-Khmu: *jǝ:r

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *juor

Meaning: get up, stand up

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

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