Chinese characters :

Character: 歈

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú

Preclassic Old Chinese: lo

Classic Old Chinese: lo

Western Han Chinese: lwa

Eastern Han Chinese: źwa

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwo

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwo

Middle Chinese: jü

English meaning : a k. of song

Comments: Also read *lō, MC dлw id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lō

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sing

Chinese: 歈 *lō, *lo a k. of song.

Tibetan: glu song, tune.

Burmese: kju to produce sounds, kjuh good voice.

Kachin: (H) khju a charm, mantra, spell.

Kiranti: *lu sing

Comments: Cf. also OCh. 謠 *law sing, song (see Peiros-Starostin 213).

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lu

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: sing

Tulung: lölam ( < *le-lu-m) voice

Kaling: lel ( < *le-lu) song

Limbu: sam-lō 'song', sam-lō-maʔ 'sing'

Dumi: lē lɨnɨ sing

Yamphu: sem-lu-ma 'song, (v.) sing'

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: samlo:maʔ, sam-lo:r-/sam-lo:-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi.

Meaning: sing.

Derivation: [ ?< sam spirit + lɔ:pmaʔ take out, cause to come out] [?]

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: lɨnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vi-4 lo:-lɨ-lu

Meaning: 1) (inceptive pseudo-aspectivizer with infinitive) to commence, to begin, to start; 2) (conjugated impersonally) be felt unto someone, make itself felt unto someone; (conjugated personally) feel like, feel: 2a) so:ʔwa lɨnɨ be hungry unto someone; 2b) kɨmin lɨnɨ be thirsty unto someone; 2c) so:ʔyǝmbɨ ('famine') lɨnɨ be in effect, be going on (of a famine); 2d) di:r lɨnɨ feel pleasure, enjoy, like; 2e) minnɨ lɨnɨ to remember; 2g) dzuʔu lɨnɨ feel cold 2h) khǝtn lɨnɨ feel ashamed, be put to shame 3) perform, do (in lexicalized combinations): 3a) bele lɨnɨ goof around, loaf off 3b) le: lɨnɨ sing 3c) mintǝlǝlǝ lɨnɨ be deeply engrossed in thought, be pensive 3d) (with ghɨmɨ spinning) twirl about, rotate along an axis

Nepali: 2) lāgnu

Derivation: 1) vide 6.3.12; setnɨ luyi They began to kill; Nyetnɨ lo: It began to ache; 2d) O:ʔimsi di:r lo: I like to sleep; 2e) Aminnɨ lo: You remembered; O:minnɨ lo:ta I shall remember; cf. minnɨ vt-2a (2); 2f) AN wǝm lo:ta I'm hot; cf. wǝm; 2h) cf. ya:tnsinɨ; 3d) ghɨmi lo:ta It's starting to spin; cf. ranta, rantam, ri:nɨ vi-1.

Comments: Nep. 2d) man lāgnu 2h) lāj lāgnu; 3) barālnu; 3c) socāī garnu, vicār garnu. For lɨnɨ 'start' cf. perhaps Yamphu li:ma id.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: semluma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <semlus- ; semlu- ; semlu:->

Grammar: v.tr.

Meaning: to sing.

Nepali: gāunu

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ĕƛ̣wV́

Meaning: sing

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ĕƛ̣wV

Sino-Tibetan: *lō

Comments and references : HGC 38.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĕƛ̣wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to call, cry, sing

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=aƛ̣- (~-o-,-l-)

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɔƛ̣-

Proto-Lak: ḳul-

Proto-Dargwa: *=iḳʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeƛ̣wV

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The word could have denoted some kind of ritual singing (cf. the derived stem *(ʔV)ƛ̣wVlV, meaning frequently 'learning, knowledge').

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=aƛ̣- (~-o-,-l-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: call, cry

Chamalal: =al-

Tindi: =al-

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɔƛ̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: call

Tsezi: g-oƛ̣-

Khvarshi: g-oƛ̣-

Comments: PTsKh *g-oƛ̣-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ḳul-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knowing, aware, acquainted

Lak form: ḳul-s:a

Comments: The root ḳul is used also in ḳul xun 'to know' ('become aware').

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=iḳʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to call 2 to say

Akusha: =iḳ-es 1

Chiragh: =uḳ- 2

Comments: Cf. also Ur. dur. =iḳʷ- 'to say, speak'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeƛ̣wV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to sing 2 to say, speak 3 to be silent

Tabasaran: ḳ- 2

Tsakhur: e=ḳʷa-s 1

Archi: ḳel-kes 3

Comment: Archi reflects a derivate *ʔeƛ̣ʷV-l / *ƛ̣ʷV-l, attested also in Lezg. ḳel 'study, learning' ( > Ud. k:al id.), Rut. Mishl. q̇ɨla id. In Arch. there occurred a secondary semantic development: 'be silent' < '*hear, understand'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVLV

Meaning : to howl, cry

Eurasiatic : *wVlV

Afroasiatic : *wV(H)l- 'cry, sound, speak' (Berb., Chad., Cush., Sem.)

Sino-Caucasian : *=ĕƛ̣wV́

Amerind (misc.) : *wali 'say' (R 600)

Reference : ND 2473.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVlV

Meaning: to howl, cry

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? BSl. *wal- 'cry, call, speak'

Altaic: *ū́lo

Uralic: *wala

Dravidian: *ūḷ- (? + SDr *val-i- 'to sound')

References: ND 2473 *waHlV 'to cry, speak' (IE, SH, FU, SDr).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ū́lo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cry, howl

Russian meaning: кричать, выть

Turkic: *ūlɨ-

Mongolian: *uli-

Korean: *ūr-

Japanese: *ǝ́rá-mp-

Comments: KW 448, PKE 223, JLTT 742. An expressive root. Because of the merger of *l and *r the Kor.-Jpn. reflexes of this root may also be attributed to *óru (thus in Lee 1958, 118), and vice versa.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ūlɨ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, howl

Russian meaning: кричать, выть

Old Turkic: ulɨ- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ulɨ- (MK)

Turkish: ulu-

Tatar: ula-

Middle Turkic: ulu- (AH, IM), ula- (Pav. C.)

Uighur: ulu-

Azerbaidzhan: ula-

Turkmen: ūlɨ-

Khakassian: ulu-

Oyrat: ulu-

Chuvash: ъʷlax- 'to neigh'

Yakut: uluj-

Dolgan: uluj-

Tuva: ulu-

Kirghiz: ulu-

Kazakh: ŭlɨ-

Noghai: ulɨ-

Bashkir: ŭlŭ-

Balkar: ulu-

Gagauz: ulu-

Karaim: ulu-

Karakalpak: ulɨ-

Kumyk: ulu-

Comments: EDT 127, VEWT 512, ЭСТЯ 1, 595, Stachowski 243. Yak. has secondary shortening in a disyllabic stem.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *uli-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, howl (wolves)

Russian meaning: кричать, выть (о волках)

Written Mongolian: uli- (L 873)

Middle Mongolian: uli- (MA)

Khalkha: uli-

Buriat: uli-

Kalmuck: uĺ-, ulǝ-

Ordos: uli-

Shary-Yoghur: olo-

Comments: KW 448, MGCD 673.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ūr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, weep

Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать

Modern Korean: ūl-

Middle Korean: ūr-

Comments: Nam 392, KED 1246.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ǝ́rá-mp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, wail

Russian meaning: кричать

Old Japanese: orab-

Comments: JLTT 742. High tone is reconstructed on the basis of dialectal evidence (Ibuki-jima, Nakijin wurabin A, see ibid.).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1706

Proto: *wala

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: word

German meaning: Wort

Finnish: vala 'Eid, Schwur' ( > Saam. N valle -āl- 'oath')

Saam (Lapp): vuollē (L) '"ein Jojker" (lappischer Melodiesatz)'

Mordovian: val (E M) 'Wort'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ūḷ-

Meaning : to howl

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ūḷ-

Proto-Telugu : *ūl-

Brahui : (h)ūl-ing, hūl-āiing

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *ūḷ-

Meaning : to howl

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ūḷai

Tamil meaning : howl of dog or jackal, cry of person in anguish (applied contemptuously)

Tamil derivates : ūḷaiy iṭu to howl as jackal or dog; ūḷi sound; ūḷan_ jackal; uḷampu (uḷampi-) to make a noise, howl (like a jackal); uḷar_u (uḷar_i-) to roar, shout, clamour without sense; uḷar_al shouting, clamour; uḷai (-v-, -nt-) to howl (as a jackal); (-pp-, -tt-) to sound, roar, howl (as a jackal), give forth a sound, call, invite; n. sound, high tone of voice, weeping

Malayalam : ūḷay iṭuka

Malayalam meaning : to howl

Malayalam derivates : ūḷi howl of dog or jackal, chatter of monkey; ūḷan jackal; ōḷi howl; uḷar_uka to babble, make indistinct noise (as in stomach); uḷappu sound, noise; uḷaykkuka to utter a loud noise, howl as a jackal

Kannada : ūḷ, ūḷave

Kannada meaning : an outcry, howl

Kannada derivates : ūḷ (ūḷd-), ūḷu (ūḷi-) to call near from a distance, cry out, howl; oḷar_u to sound, cry, roar

Tulu : oḷepuni

Tulu meaning : to call

Tulu derivates : leppuni, (B-K.) olepu to call, invite; leppu, lēvu a cry

Proto-Nilgiri : *ōḷ

Miscellaneous : KOR (T) ūḷɨ to bark; (M) oḷe to call

Number in DED : 0760

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ōḷ

Meaning : (jackal) howls

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : ōḷ āṛ- (āc-)

Additional forms : Also Kota ōḷāṛ (obl. ōḷāṭ-) the howl of a jackal

Number in DED : 760

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ūl-

Meaning : (B) the howling of a fox

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ūla

Number in DED : 760

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : (h)ūl-ing, hūl-āiing

Meaning : to howl

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 760

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