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Chinese characters :
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Character: 戶
Modern (Beijing) reading: hù
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)āʔ
Classic Old Chinese: g(h)ā́
Western Han Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)
Eastern Han Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)
Early Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)
Late Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Chinese: ɣò
English meaning : door; household
Russian meaning[s]: 1) дверь (одностворчатая); 2) двор, хозяйство; дворовый, подворный; 3) род, семья; 4) суффикс имен существительных, обозначающих профессии; 5) Ху (фамилия)
Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is hộ. Cf. also Viet. ngõ 'gate' (one of the cases of Viet. rendering Chinese stops as nasals).
Radical: 63
Four-angle index: 4132
Karlgren code: 0053 a-b
Vietnamese reading: họ
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)āH
Meaning: open, opening
Burmese: kah to divide, be stretched apart, be spread; tam-khah door, gate.
Kachin: čiŋkha1, nkha1 door, (H) sumkha be wide open.
Lushai: ka to open (as mouth, legs); mouth; KC *ka.
Comments: Tangkhul kha-moŋ door, Rawang phǝŋ-kha id.; Sgaw ka to open. Sh. 46, 400, 407, 427; Ben. 120, 134; Luce 2. Cf. *Qʷɨj, *Qa. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 92
Character: 戶
MC description : 遇合一上姥匣
ZIHUI: 2073 0932
Beijing: xu 3
Jinan: xu 3
Xi'an: xu 3
Taiyuan: xu 3
Hankou: xu 3
Chengdu: fu 3
Yangzhou: xu 3
Suzhou: ɦǝu 32
Wenzhou: vu 22
Changsha: fu 31
Shuangfeng: ɣǝu 32
Nanchang: фu 32
Meixian: fu 3
Guangzhou: uu 32
Xiamen: hɔ 32
Chaozhou: hou 22
Fuzhou: xou 32
Shanghai: ɦu 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: xu 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦwɨ̄mgV́
Meaning: hole
Comments and references : NSC 54 *HamgV (with some confusion with *ʔaq_V), MCGD 12. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwǝ̄mgV
Meaning: hole, window
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An interesting term (with a rather uniform semantic development: 'hole' > 'window' > 'glass').
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔanga-laj ( ~-ḳ-)
Meaning: glass
Chechen: angali
Comments: Isolated in Chech., but having possible external parallels (if "glass" < "window").
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *hingʷVr
Meaning: 1 window 2 hole, burrow
Andian language: ingur 1 (Tsertsvadze)
Akhvakh: ĩgo 1
Chamalal: inn 2,1
Tindi: hingʷar 1
Karata: hingʷar 1
Godoberi: hingur 1
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ingo, Ratl. ũgor, Cham. Gig. hingar, Kar. Tok. hingun (erg. hingura-d) 'window'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãkV ( ~ ħ-,-g1-)
Meaning: 1 window 2 hole
Tsezi: aki 1
Ginukh: aki 1
Khvarshi: ãki 1
Inkhokvari: ãka 1,2
Comments: PTsKh *ʔãkV.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʡamg ( ~ ħ-)
Meaning: 1 niche in wall 2 roof orifice 3 crystal 4 glass
Lezghian: hamga 3
Tabasaran: hamg 4
Agul: ʕagug 4
Kryz: ʕag 1,2
Budukh: ħag 2
Comment: The Ag. word (a reduplicated form) means 'mirror'; cf. Ag. Bursh., Tp. ʡägʷ id. The original meaning is obviously preserved in Kryz. and Bud. ('niche in a wall' or 'roof orifice', whence 'window' > 'glass' in other languages). There is a complicated relationship between this PL root (no doubt genuine, cf. the external parallels) and Osset. avg ( < Iran. *āpaka) 'glass'. The Iranian form may have influenced some of the Lezghian forms (especially Ag.; cf. also Arch. kabk 'glass' - which is quite isolated and can not correspond to other Lezg. forms). It is worth noting that the Iranian form was also borrowed in Adygh: PAK *ápk:ǝ 'glass' (Ad. āpč́, Kab. ābǯ), see Abayev 1958, 84, Shagirov 1,4.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *hiŋ
Meaning: door, gate
Yasin: hiŋ
Hunza: hiŋ
Nagar: hiŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVNKV
Meaning : hole
Afroasiatic : Ar. ʔnǧ 'enter', Ch. Kbl hangз́ 'open'; Ch. *wVŋ 'open'?; Berb. *-wVnuH 'well, pit'
Amerind (misc.) : ? *naq̇ʷ 'vulva; hole' (R 814) [+ A] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HangV
Meaning: open, hole
Indo-European: ? Lit. angà
References: МССНЯ 358, ОСНЯ 1, 244-245; ND 57 *ʔaŋga (cf. also 2598 *XENkV 'loosen, open, remove'?). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *àŋa
Meaning: hole, crack, gape
Russian meaning: дыра, щель, зиять
Comments: Poppe 72, АПиПЯЯ 81. Mong. *aŋga- < *aŋa-ga-. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *aŋ-
Meaning: 1 to be wide open 2 to be perplexed, astonished 3 wide open 4 fool, simpleton 5 obtuse, stupid 6 astonished 7 to have one's mouth opened 8 to be drowsy, faint 9 to look at with surprise 10 to gape
Russian meaning: 1 быть широко открытым 2 быть удивленным, опешить 3 широко открытый 4 дурак, простак 5 бестолковый 6 удивленный 7 разинуть рот 8 быть сонным, вялым 9 смотреть с удивлением 10 зиять
Karakhanid: aŋɨl ačuq 3 (MK) Turkish: (dial.) anuk, aŋɨz 4
Tatar: aŋɣɨ-miŋge bul- 3; (dial.) aŋɣɨl 5
Middle Turkic: (MKypch.) anɣɨ 6 (AH) Uzbek: aŋraj- 2, 7
Turkmen: aŋal- 2, aŋqar- 2, 7
Khakassian: aŋaj- 'to miss', aŋmaj- 2, 7, aŋmax 'standing with one's mouth open'
Yakut: aŋar- 8
Tuva: aŋɣada- 2
Kirghiz: aŋqaj-, aŋɣar- 1, 9 (< Mong.?), aŋqō 4, aŋɨr- 2, aŋɨraj- 10
Kazakh: aŋtar-, aŋɨr- 2, aŋqaw 4
Noghai: aŋqɨ-tiŋke 'daffy', aŋra 4, aŋšaj- 7
Karakalpak: aŋqaw 4
Comments: EDT 184, ЭСТЯ 1, 155, 156-157. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *aŋ, *aŋga-
Meaning: 1 crack, hole, gape 2 to open one`s mouth; to gape
Russian meaning: щель, расщелина, дыра 2 раскрывать рот; открываться, зиять
Written Mongolian: aŋga- 2, (L 43) aŋ 1, aŋɣai- 'be wide open' Khalkha: aŋ 1, aŋgai- 2
Buriat: aŋg(an) 1
Kalmuck: aŋ, aŋgǝ 1
Ordos: aŋ 1
Dongxian: anGǝi- 2
Baoan: aŋGi- 2
Shary-Yoghur: aŋɣī- 2
Monguor: ŋGai (SM 9, aŋGǝ̄-) 2 Comments: KW 11, MGCD 111, 528. Mong. > Yak. aŋa-, Kirgh. aŋqaj- etc. (KW 21). The isolated Dag. xangai- with x- is strange; it may reflect a trace of another root (cf. PA *p`éŋi) that disappeared in most dialects. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *aŋa-
Meaning: 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open
Russian meaning: 1 копать 2 щель, дыра 3 открывать
Evenki: aŋa- 1, aŋa-/ āŋā- 3, aŋa 2
Even: aŋ- 1, āŋa- 3
Negidal: aŋa- 1, 3, aŋa 2
Ulcha: aŋGala 2
Orok: āŋGa- 1
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *ànà
Meaning: hole
Russian meaning: дыра
Old Japanese: ana
Middle Japanese: ànà
Tokyo: aná
Kyoto: àná
Kagoshima: aná
Comments: The Kyoto accent is irregular (ánà would be expected). JLTT 381. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 16
Proto: *aŋa
English meaning: to untie, open
German meaning: lösen, öffnen, aufmachen
Finnish: avaa- 'öffnen, ausbreiten, erweitern', avanto 'Wuhne'
Estonian: ava- 'öffnen, aufmachen'
Mordovian: ankśima, avśima (E), ańćema (M) 'Wuhne'
Khanty (Ostyak): aŋǝ- (V) 'öffnen (einen Knoten), aufmachen, aufbinden (z. B. eine Fuhre)', eŋk- (DT) 'losmachen, -binden', eŋ- (O) 'ausziehen (Kleidungsstück, Schuh', aufknoten'
Mansi (Vogul): ē̮ŋk- (TJ, LU), āŋoχo- (So.) '(die Kleider) ausziehen, ablegen (die Schneeschuhe)', ø̄ŋkws- (P) 'das Fell (des Bären) abziehen'
Hungarian: old- (altung. ód-) 'lösen, auflösen; (knoten) losbinden'
Sammalahti's version: *i6ŋa
References: FUV; SKES; DEWO 143; MUSz. 723; MSzFgrE; TESz.; Bárczi G. Magyar hangtörténet 1958: 98
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-mrd,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-samm2,uralet-lit,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *áŋāl-
Meaning : to yawn, gape
Proto-South Dravidian: *aŋā- Notes : A bisyllabic root with the inlaut nasal cluster (*-ŋ- = *-ŋg-) in a strong position. Auslaut *-l- is most probably lost in SDR where bisyllabic roots of this kind (with a second long vowel) never end in liquid resonants. // Present in 4/6 branches.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *aŋā-
Meaning : to gape, yawn
Tamil : aŋkā (-pp-, -tt-)
Tamil meaning : to open the mouth; n. opening the mouth
Tamil derivates : aŋkāppu opening the mouth, thirsting
Kannada : angāta
Kannada meaning : (Bark.) having the face turned upwards
Tulu : aŋgāvuni
Tulu meaning : to yawn, gape, open the mouth
Tulu derivates : aŋguni to open the mouth, be seized with a fit of yawning
Number in DED : 0034
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋā-
Meaning : to look upwards
Kota : aŋgāv- (aŋgāt)
Number in DED : 34
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aŋ[l]-
Meaning : yawn; to gape
Kolami : aŋgasi "a yawn"
Naikri : aŋgāśi "a yawn"
Parji : aŋalp- (aŋalt-) "to gape, open the mouth wide"
Notes : The Parji form goes back to *aŋ-l- (in PGn this is the regular form for this root).
Number in DED : 34
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-parji,kogaet-notes,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aŋl-
Meaning : to open mouth, to yawn
Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aŋl- gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *aŋl-
Meaning : to open mouth, yawn
Gommu Gondi : aŋil-/aŋl- "to open mouth"
Muria Gondi : alŋg-/aliŋ- "to open (mouth)"
Maria Gondi : aŋgal "gaping, yawning"
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : ānglānā "to yawn"
Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu caus. alŋgh-/alŋgih-
Number in DED : 34
Number in CVOTGD : 14
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_g,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-addition,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aŋl-
Meaning : to open mouth
Manda : aŋlā-
Number in DED : 34
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-manda,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ambeli
Meaning : porridge prepared with ragi flour
Kuwi (Israel) : ambeli
Number in DED : 174
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *aŋ(a)l-
Meaning : to gape
Kurukh : aŋgal aŋgal "with one's mouth open (in surprise)"
Malto : aŋg̣le
Additional forms : Also KUR aŋglnā, aŋglaʔānā to gape, open the mouth wide, be open; MLT aŋg̣lo open-mouthed.
Number in DED : 34
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *hVŋ
Meaning: hole
Proto-Austroasiatic: *huŋ Austroasiatic meaning: hole
Proto-Austronesian: *buhaŋ
Austronesian meaning: hole, pit
Austronesian code: 5:42
References: Peiros 1989.
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *huŋ
Meaning: hole
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-kmr,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *hɔŋ
Meaning: hole, inside of
Presyllable: #
References: TK1.43
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *hɔŋ
Meaning: hole, inside of
Presyllable: #
Bru Van Keu: hâŋ
Bru Van Keu meaning: burrow, hole
So: hâŋ
So meaning: hole or opening
Bru: hẫŋ.N
Bru meaning: hole
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *hɔŋ
Meaning: hole, inside of
Presyllable: #
Pakoh: hɔŋ
Pakoh meaning: inside of (cup, dish, cupboard, hole)
Taojh: hɔŋ
Taojh meaning: hole (VL)
Ngeq: hɔŋ
Ngeq meaning: hole
Kri: hâŋ
Chatong: kahɔŋ
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-tao,ekatet-taome,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: krǝhu:ŋ
Meaning: hollow, hole; khu:ŋ be sunken; ʒhu:ŋ bay, gulf, cove; chaoŋ hole, pit
Old Khmer: hoŋ
Old Khmer Meaning: having a hole; krǝhoŋ to be hollow, to hollow
References: P551, P116, JP409
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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