Chinese characters :

Character: 炳

Modern (Beijing) reading: bǐng

Preclassic Old Chinese: praŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: práŋ

Western Han Chinese: práŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: préŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: péŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: péŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: péŋ

Middle Chinese: pä́iŋ

English meaning : bright, clear

Russian meaning[s]: 1) светлый; яркий; ослепительный; 2) ясный, очевидный, понятный

Comments: Attested already in Yijing, but absent from Schüssler's dictionary.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 3953

Karlgren code: 0757 i

Go-on: hiyau

Kan-on: hei

Japanese reading: hei;hyō;akiraka

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *prɨăŋH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bright; morning

Chinese: 炳 *praŋʔ bright, clear.

Burmese: prauŋ be brilliant, blazing, glorious.

Comments: Mikir praŋ dawn; BG: Garo phriŋ, Dimasa phoroŋ, Bodo púŋ morning. Ben. 72.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[p]ārē

Meaning: lightning, brilliance

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pārē

Sino-Tibetan: *prɨăŋH

Basque: *-piri-n

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pārē

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *piri

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨr A

Proto-Lak: par

Proto-Dargwa: *paIr

Proto-Lezghian: *par / *rap

Notes: The correspondences are regular (with minor exceptions due to expressive causes: pharyngealization in Darg. and metathesis in some Lezg. languages). Note also the existence of an old compound *c̣ăjɨ̆-pārē (*c̣ăjɨ̆ 'fire') reflected in Akhv. Tseg. č̣a-piri, Lak. c̣u-par and Rut. c̣aj-rap.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *piri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning

Avar: pirí

Chadakolob: pirí

Akhvakh: hiri

Tindi: piri

Karata: pire

Godoberi: piri

Comments: Av. par. B (gen. pirí-dul). Cf. also Akhv. Tl., Ratl. piri. The same root with an expressive suffix is present in Av. pír-χ:-ize 'to flash, glitter'. Av. párχ:-ine 'to blaze up' is still another variant of this root (possibly influenced by Lak. parχ 'flash'. Tind. (or Av.) > Khvarsh. (Ram.), Inkh. piri 'lightning'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨr A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning 1 thunder

Tsezi: per 1

Bezhta: pir (Tlad.)

Gunzib: pɨr

Comments: PGB *pɨr.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: par

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning 1 lustre

Lak form: parannu; par 1

Comments: Cf. also parχ 'flash', parχ:annu 'silhouette' (cf. an analogous suffix in Avar), c̣upar (a compound with c̣u- 'fire') 'lightning', Khosr. c̣upar id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *paIr

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning

Akusha: paIr (Tsud.)

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *par / *rap

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning

Lezghian: raprap

Tabasaran: raprap

Agul: c̣a-rp (Bursh.)

Rutul: c̣aj-rap (Shin.)

Archi: parǝ-la

Comment: The root is reduplicated and metathesized in Lezg. and Tab., and has a suffix in Arch. (but cf. also par-bos "to flash (as lightning)". The Ag. and Rut. forms are compounds with c̣aj 'fire' (cf. also the same distorted in Ag. Rich. c̣arf 'lightning').

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *-piri-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lightning (bolt), thunder (bolt)

Gipuzkoan: oz-min

High Navarrese: oz-min, oz-min-arri

Salazarese: oz-me

Lapurdian: oz-priñ, orz-pin, (arc) oz-pirin

Comments: In compounds with *ɦors- ‘sky’ (q.v.). Traditionally the second element is *minhi ‘tongue’ (Michelena 1961: 276), but here *-pirin is regarded as original (Haraneder wrote ozpirin in the 18^th c.) and variants with -pin ~ -min are secondary.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVRV

Meaning : shine, bright

Afroasiatic : *bar-/*bur-

Sino-Caucasian : *[p]ārē

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-bàdịm 'twinkle, shine'.

Reference : ND 235 *bArh[E] 'shine'. Cf. also 250a *boŕV 'sun, day' (Cush. *barr- 'day', Drav. *por̀ut 'sun' - same root?). Cf. also *PVrV 'burn'

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-/*bur-

Meaning: morning

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

East Chadic: *bur- 'morning'

Saho-Afar: *ber- 'morning'

Low East Cushitic: *bar- 'dawn, morning'

High East Cushitic: *bar- 'day'

Dahalo (Sanye): ḅurra 'morning'

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *bur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'morning'

Mubi: bùrbùrù [Lk: 189]

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *ber-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'morning'

Saho: beeraa

Afar (Danakil): beeraa

Notes: Cf. also *bar- 'night': Saho baar, Afar baar.

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *bar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dawn, morning'

Somali: bärii

Oromo (Galla): barii

Arbore: barri

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *bar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'day'

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): barra

Kambatta: barra

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ḅurra

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'morning'

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