Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 研

Modern (Beijing) reading: yán

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhēn

Classic Old Chinese: ŋhēn

Western Han Chinese: ŋhjān

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhiān

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhiēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhiēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhiēn

Middle Chinese: ŋien

English meaning : to grind, polish; to explore

Russian meaning[s]: 1) доискиваться; вникать, изучать; 2) растирать; тонко раскатывать; [yàn] тушечница; растирать тушь, см. 硯

Comments: Attested as early as in Yijing (in the meaning 'explore, investigate'), but absent from Schüssler's dictionary. There is also a reading *ŋhēn-s, MC ŋìen, Mand. yàn 'a device for grinding ink', first attested during Han and more frequently written as 硯 (with Min reflexes: Xiamen hĩ⁶, Chaozhou ĩ⁶, Fuzhou ŋieŋ⁵). Viet. has also a colloquial reading nghiến, but standard Sino-Viet. is nghiên with the 1st tone (all three readings are very much confused in Viet.). For *ŋh- cf. Xiamen gian¹, Fuzhou ŋieŋ¹, ŋieŋ⁵, Meixian ŋan¹.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 112

Four-angle index: 2349

Karlgren code: 0239 g-h

Vietnamese reading: nghiền

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 818

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 研

MC description : 山開四平先疑

ZIHUI: 4282 1905

Beijing: ian 12

Jinan: iã 12

Xi'an: iã 12

Taiyuan: iɛ XH

Hankou: nian 11

Chengdu: ńian 11

Yangzhou: î̃ 12

Suzhou: ńî 12

Wenzhou: ńi 11

Changsha: ńiẽ 11

Shuangfeng: ńî̃ 11

Nanchang: ńiɛn 11; ńiɛn 2

Meixian: ŋan 11

Guangzhou: jin 12

Xiamen: gian 2

Chaozhou: ŋieŋ 32

Fuzhou: ŋieŋ 2

Shanghai: ńî 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: ien 12

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