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Chinese characters :
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Character: 苛
Modern (Beijing) reading: kē
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)āj
Classic Old Chinese: g(h)āj
Western Han Chinese: gāj (~ ɣ-)
Eastern Han Chinese: gǟ (~ ɣ-)
Early Postclassic Chinese: gǟ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gǟ (~ ɣ-)
Late Postclassic Chinese: gǟ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Chinese: ɣâ
English meaning : to scold, blame, reprimand
Russian meaning[s]: 1) жестокий; суровый; 2) обременительный; 3) придирчивый, мелочный; 4) травинка, былинка; 5) нарушать (границы)
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 3000
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *q(h)[ɨa]l
Meaning: fight, scold, compete
Tibetan: rgol-ba to dispute, combat, fight.
Lushai: el to emulate, rival, vie with, compete with.
Comments: Peiros-Starostin 217.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *χwĭɫʔV ?
Meaning: anger, fight
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *χwĭɫʔV ( ~ -ɦ-)
Meaning: pretence, hypocrisy; whim
Notes: A Nakh-Avar isogloss. Cf. perhaps Osset. xɨl / xilä 'quarrel' (Abayev 1989, 258: the Iranian etymology does not look convincing, and a Caucasian source is probable).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *χuw (~-ū-,-b)
Meaning: 1 anger 2 whim
Chechen: χū 1
Ingush: χuw 2
Comments: 4th class in both languages. The quality of the final consonant is impossible to establish without Bacb. data.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *χ:ʷVlV
Meaning: pretence, hypocrisy
Avar: χ:ʷel
Comments: Av. paradigm B ~ C (gen. χ:ʷalí-l).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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