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Chinese characters :
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Character: 虐
Modern (Beijing) reading: nüè
Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhakʷ
Classic Old Chinese: ŋhauk
Western Han Chinese: ŋhauk
Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhauk
Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhauk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhak
Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhak
Middle Chinese: ŋak
English meaning : to coerce, oppress; be violent, tyrannical, coercive
Russian meaning[s]: 1) жестокий, бесчеловечный; мучить; 2) бедствие
Comments: For *ŋh- cf. Jianou ŋiɔ7, Meixian ńiɔk7.
Radical: 141
Four-angle index: 844
Karlgren code: 1118 a-b
Shijing occurrences: 55.3_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋɨăkʷ
Meaning: abuse, maltreat
Tibetan: sŋog (p. bsŋogs, f. bsŋog, i. sŋogs) to vex, to annoy.
Burmese: ŋauk to use loud violent language in order to terrify.
Comments: Cf. also OCh. 頊 *sŋok disconcerted (Bod. 69).
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-comments,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 848
Character: 虐
MC description : 宕開三入藥疑
ZIHUI: 5707 0381
Beijing: nye 3
Jinan: ye 3
Xi'an: ńyo 11
Taiyuan: nyǝʔ 41
Hankou: nio 12
Chengdu: ńio 12
Yangzhou: niâʔ 4
Suzhou: ńia_ʔ 42
Wenzhou: ńia 42
Changsha: ńio 4
Shuangfeng: ńiû 12
Nanchang: ńiɔk 41
Meixian: ńiɔk 41
Guangzhou: jö_k 42
Xiamen: giɔk 42
Chaozhou: ŋiak 42
Fuzhou: ŋyɔʔ 42
Shanghai: ńiaʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: niau 43
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ŋĕkwɨ̆́
Meaning: to abuse, swear
Comments and references : LV A21.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *nĕkwɨ̆ ( ~ -ɨ-,-ō-,-ǝ̆,-ă)
Meaning: oath; to swear
Proto-West Caucasian: *kʷV Notes: An interesting And.-WC isogloss; phonetically and semantically looks quite satisfactory.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *nokʷo
Meaning: 1 oath 2 song
Andian language: nokʷo 1
Akhvakh: nikʷa 1,2
Chamalal: nakʷa 1
Tindi: nakʷa 1
Karata: nakʷa 1
Bagvalal: nak:ʷa (Leksika)
Godoberi: nakʷa
Comments: The Bagv. recording (in Leksika 1971) is obviously faulty instead of nakʷa (the And. word is also spelled there as nok:o). Unclear is the vowel -i- in Akhvakh.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *kʷV
Meaning: 1 to swear 2 to dare
Abkhaz: a-kʷ-rá 1
Abaza: kʷ-ra 1
Adyghe: ja-kʷǝ-n 2
Kabardian: ja-kʷǝ-n 2
Ubykh: kʷa- 2
Comments: PAT *kʷǝ-; PAK *kʷǝ-; Ub. a-s-kʷá-n. See Shagirov 1, 173.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *naka-
Meaning: 1 mockery 2 repugnance, disgust 3 dirty, foul
Gipuzkoan: naga 2
High Navarrese: nakaitz 3
Low Navarrese: naka 1, nakaitz 3
Lapurdian: nakaitz 2
Comments: This comparison is somewhat dubious, since PSC *k normally corresponds to Bsq *h, also /g/ secondarily in southern dialects. Or is naka a contraction of *naha-ka?
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : NVKV
Meaning : to call, swear
Amerind (misc.) : *(a)nik 'call' (R 109); *nik 'say' (R 604) [+ A K] globet-meaning,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nug-
Meaning: shout, cry
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-ech,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1308
Proto-Semitic: *nug-
Meaning: 'cry'
Akkadian: nagāgu [-u-]
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: ngg (pyr)
Meaning: 'cry (of a goose)'
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *nVg-
Meaning: 'shout'
Sokoro: négi [Lk:47]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-sok,
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