Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 降

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiáng jiàng

Preclassic Old Chinese: grūŋ krūŋs

Classic Old Chinese: grūŋ

Western Han Chinese: grǝ̄uŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: grǝ̄uŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̣̄uŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gọ̄ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: giǝ̣̄uŋ

Middle Chinese: ɣạuŋ kạ̀uŋ

Fanqie: 奚龐 [a] 記巷 [b]

Rhyme class: 絳 [a] 江 [b]

English meaning : to descend, come down; to send down

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спускать(ся) вниз; снижаться, падать; 2) подавлять; [xiáng] подчинять(ся), покорять(ся); сдаваться, капитулировать

Shuowen gloss: 下也. 從阜. 夅聲.

Comments: Also read MC ɣạuŋ (FQ 下江), Mand. xiáng, Viet. hàng 'to submit'. There are some problems with OC reconstruction here: the Jian-ou reflex aŋ⁶ seems to point to *ghrūŋ (other Min dialects have "literary" reflexes with h-), but the word is obviously a voiced counterpart of *krūŋ-s, thus perhaps a reconstruction *grūŋ would be preferable. An archaic Viet. loan from the same source is probably Viet. rụng 'to fall, to drop'. Cf. perhaps also Viet. xuống 'to descend, go down'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 170

Four-angle index: 2544

Karlgren code: 1015 a-c

Vietnamese reading: giáng

Shijing occurrences: 14.1_, 50.2

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[lj]ǝ̆ŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lower, down

Tibetan: źoŋ lower, nether, gźaŋ anus.

Kachin: kǝ.31 leŋ.31 'lie (down)'

Lushai: thlaŋ the west; lower; down.

Lepcha: ljáŋ to be shallow ( as water, or as mind, counsel)

Comments: Tib. źoŋ may also go back to *rjoŋ, in which case it may be compared with OC 降 *krūŋ 'descend, go down'. Cf. also Kham gyãh.1, LB *lVŋ 'lie (down); short'.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 865

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 降

MC description : A: 江開二平江匣; B: 江開二去絳見

ZIHUI: A: 7100 2347; B: 7100 2335

Beijing: A: śiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 3

Jinan: A: śiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 3

Xi'an: A: śiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 3

Taiyuan: A: śia_̃ 1; B: ćia_̃ 3

Hankou: A: śiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 3

Chengdu: A: śiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 3

Yangzhou: A: śiâŋ 12; B: ćiâŋ 3

Suzhou: A: ɦa_ŋ 12; B: ćia_ŋ 31 (lit.); ka_ŋ 31

Wenzhou: A: ɦi 12; B: kuɔ 31

Changsha: A: śian 12; B: ćian 31

Shuangfeng: A: ɣiaŋ 12; B: ćiaŋ 31

Nanchang: A: hɔŋ 12; B: kɔŋ 31

Meixian: A: hɔŋ 12; B: kɔŋ 3

Guangzhou: A: hɔŋ 12; B: kɔŋ 31

Xiamen: A: haŋ 12; B: kɔŋ 31 (lit.); kaŋ 31

Chaozhou: A: haŋ 12; B: kaŋ 31

Fuzhou: A: xouŋ 12; B: kauŋ 31

Shanghai: A: iã 32; ɦa_̃ 32; B: ćiã 3; ɦa_̃ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: xiaŋ 12; B: kiaŋ 3

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʎáńā

Meaning: bottom

North Caucasian: *ʎ_anā ( ~ -ǝ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *[lj]ǝ̆ŋ

Burushaski: *táno

Comments and references : NSC 58 *ʎaŋV; differently in WFR 81.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʎ_anā ( ~ -ǝ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Proto-Lak: hanu

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎ:ana ( ~ ʎ-)

Notes: A Lak-Lezg. isogloss.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: hanu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foundation

Lak form: hanu

Comments: Cf. Khosr. hanu id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎ:ana ( ~ ʎ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Tsakhur: xane

Comment: The root is isolated in Tsakh. (cf. also Gelm. xanä; its precise meaning is 'bottom (as seen from below)', as opposed to ḳan 'bottom (as seen from above)'), with a probable Lak. parallel.