Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 家

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiā

Preclassic Old Chinese: krā

Classic Old Chinese: krā

Western Han Chinese: krā

Eastern Han Chinese: krǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄

Middle Chinese: kạ

English meaning : house, household, family

Russian meaning[s]: 1) семья, семейство; дом; домашний, семейный; 2) дом, дома; жилище; 3) торговый дом; магазин; 4) школа; основоположник школы; 5) профессия, специальность; специалист; суффикс специальностей, профессий; 6) мой (только о старших родственниках); 7) суффикс собирательности (только о людях); 8) суффикс наречий, вм. 價; 9) Цзя (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 居也.從**.豭省聲. [337]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 5594

Karlgren code: 0032 a

Jianchuan Bai: ?xa3-,-xo3

Dali Bai: ?xo3

Bijiang Bai: ?-xo2

Shijing occurrences: 6.1_, 6.3, 17.2, 17.3

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *krā ( ~ g-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: house, palace

Chinese: 家 *krā house, household, family

Burmese: kraʔ-hŋanh palace, residence

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 910

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 家

MC description : 假開二平麻見

ZIHUI: 1367 0078

Beijing: ćia 11

Jinan: ćia 11

Xi'an: ćia 11

Taiyuan: ćia 1

Hankou: ćia 11 (lit.); ka 11

Chengdu: ćia 11

Yangzhou: ćia 11

Suzhou: ćia_ 11 (lit.); ka_ 11

Wenzhou: ko 11

Changsha: ćia 11

Shuangfeng: ćio 11 (lit.); ko 11

Nanchang: ka 11

Meixian: ka 11

Guangzhou: ka 11

Xiamen: ka 11 (lit.); ke 11

Chaozhou: ke 11

Fuzhou: ka 11

Shanghai: ka 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: ka 1

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xqǝ̆lV̆́

Meaning: house

North Caucasian: *qǝ̆lV̆

Sino-Tibetan: *krā ( ~ g-)

Basque: *o=keɫu

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *qǝ̆lV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: house, hut

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *qVrV ( ~ χ-, h-)

Proto-Dargwa: *qali

Proto-Lezghian: *χal

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *qVrV ( ~ χ-, h-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mow, hayloft, shed

Avar: hor

Chadakolob: hor

Comments: Av. paradigm C or A (pl. hóra-l); Chad. C (horú-l, hóra-l).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *qali

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: house, room

Akusha: qali

Chiragh: qale

Comments: Cf. also Ur. qali, Kub. qal etc. Cf. also the derived words for 'roof': Ak. qalč, Chir. qalʁ.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χal

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 house 2 roof 3 nest

Tabasaran: χal 1

Agul: χal 1

Rutul: χal 1

Tsakhur: χaw 1

Kryz: χal 2

Budukh: χal 2

Archi: χal 3

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Burk. χalaʁ 'roof' ( = Darg. Chir. qalʁ). The oblique base can be reconstructed (with Ablaut) as *qola- (cf. Tab. χula-, Ag. χula-, Rut. χálɨ- and the derivate χɨla-dɨ 'roof', Tsakh. Gelm. χawa-). Belongs to the 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages (except Kryz., where it belongs to the 3d class). In Arch. cf. also the derivate χali 'family' (clearly derived from 'house' and thus indicating that the meaning 'nest' in Arch. is secondary).

Cf. Талибов 1960a, 299; Лексика 1971, 197; Гигинейшвили 1977, 69.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *o=keɫu

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stable 2 yard 3 hall 4 corner, nook

Araban: okelu 4

Bizkaian: okellu 1, okolo, okolu, okoillu 4

Gipuzkoan: okellu 1, okolu 2, okullu, okollu, ikullu 3

Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) okholü 2

Zuberoan: okholü 2

Comments: The proposed derivation from Lat. locellum is highly questionable, and Bsq *o=keɫu matches PEC *qǝ̆lV̆ very well, phonetically and semantically. Michelena himself (1961: 83) remarks that the specialized meanings of the Romance words < locellum are quite distant from the Bsq meanings (e.g., Span. lucillo ~ lucilo ‘burial urn’).