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Chinese characters :
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Character: 恐
Modern (Beijing) reading: kǒng
Preclassic Old Chinese: khoŋʔ
Classic Old Chinese: khóŋ
Western Han Chinese: khóŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: khóŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: khóŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: khóŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: khóŋ
Middle Chinese: khö́uŋ
English meaning : to be afraid, fear
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бояться, страшиться; 2) пугать, запугивать, терроризировать; 3) боюсь, что...; пожалуй; может быть; вероятно
Comments: Also read *khoŋʔ-s, MC khö̀uŋ (FQ 區用) id.
Radical: 61
Four-angle index: 8492
Karlgren code: 1172 |d ́
Shijing occurrences: 35.5
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[kh]ŏmH
Meaning: fear
Tibetan: (W) ãgam threaten, menace.
Kachin: kom2 to fear.
Comments: Cf. PAA *kVm 'shame, fear' (Peiros 1998, 226).
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 930
Character: 恐
MC description : 通合三上腫溪
ZIHUI: 1858 2697
Beijing: khuŋ 2
Jinan: khuŋ 2
Xi'an: khoŋ 2
Taiyuan: khuŋ 2
Hankou: khuŋ 2
Chengdu: khoŋ 2
Yangzhou: khɔuŋ 2
Suzhou: khoŋ 2
Wenzhou: ćhyɔ 21
Changsha: khoŋ 2
Shuangfeng: khaŋ 2; kǝn 2
Nanchang: khuŋ 2
Meixian: khuŋ 2
Guangzhou: huŋ 21
Xiamen: khiɔŋ 2
Chaozhou: kioŋ 21
Fuzhou: khuŋ 2
Shanghai: khoŋ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: khuŋ 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=HäGwV́ń-
Meaning: to tremble, fear
Comments and references : WFR 122.
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=HäGwVn
Meaning: to tremble, be afraid
Notes: An expressive Av.-And.-Lezg. isogloss. The Archi form looks archaic, but since there are no parallels in other Lezgian languages, and since the correspondence between Av.-And. and Archi is not quite regular (we would rather expect PL *qIʷ > Arch. χIʷ), a borrowing is not excluded. Perhaps we should regard as a genuine parallel to the Av.-And. form not Arch. e=qIʷin-, but Rut. s-u=qIa- 'to shake, sway' (where -qI- regularly < PL *qIʷ).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iʁVn- / *ʁiʁVn-
Meaning: 1 to be nervous, capricious 2 to shake, sway
Avar: =iʁn- 1
Chamalal: ʁiʁin- 2
Tindi: ʁiʁan- 2
Comments: In Av. cf. also the frequentative =aʁ-ár- 'to be aroused, agitated, upset, to stir'. Av. > Cham. baʁar-id- 'to rock, sway, shake'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäq:IʷVn-
Meaning: to tremble, shake, be afraid
Tabasaran: d-i=q:- (Düb.)
Archi: e=qIʷin-
Comment: Tab. has a secondary loss of pharyngealization (after a front vowel).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *qɨń- (~χ-)
Meaning: to tremble, be afraid
Yug: xɨń-čej5,6
Comments: ССЕ 260. Werner 2, 398.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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