Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 御

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋraks

Classic Old Chinese: ŋrah

Western Han Chinese: ŋrah

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋrah

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋò

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋò

Middle Chinese: ŋö̀

English meaning : to drive; to direct, manage; serve, present

Russian meaning[s]: 1) править лошадьми; кучер; 2) управлять (править) страной; 3) императорский, высочайший; 4) подносить, подавать; 5) давать отпор, сопротивляться, вм. 禦; 6) Юй (фамилия); [yà] древн. встречать

Shuowen gloss: 使馬也.從ぉ卸.古文御.從又馬. [77]

Comments: Also read *ŋrāks, MC ŋạ̀, Mand. yà 'to meet, welcome; provide against' (this reading makes probable the reconstruction of *-r- in *ŋrak-s > MC ŋö̀). Schüssler reconstructs both words with a final glottal stop (*-ʔh) - obviously as a result of relating them to 禦 *ŋ(hr)aʔ (q.v.). The rhymes, however, allow only to reconstruct *-s or *-ks; in the latter case both words could be related to 逆 *ŋrak 'go against; meet' (q.v.), and we could reconstruct the earliest OC forms as *ŋrak-s and *ŋrāk-s respectively. The root belongs to a very rich "word family", which includes forms with different affixes: suffixed *-k or *-ŋ (sometimes with a further suffixed *-s) or prefixed *r- (frequently turning into an infix). Cf. 迓 *ŋrāk-s 'to meet, receive', 逆 *ŋrak 'go to meet, oppose', 迎 *ŋraŋ 'to meet', 晤 *ŋāk-s 'to meet', 悟 *ŋāk-s 'to oppose', 迕 *ŋāk-s 'to go against', 禦 *ŋ(r)aʔ 'to withstand, hinder'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 60

Four-angle index: 2082

Karlgren code: 0060 l-o

Go-on: go

Kan-on: giyo

Japanese reading: go;gyo;osameru;haberu;fusegu;o;mi

Vietnamese reading: ṇ'

Shijing occurrences: 12.1_, 35.6

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋā̆H ( / *ŋā̆-k, *ŋā̆-ŋ, r-)

Meaning: meet, match; oppose

Chinese: 御 *ŋraks drive a chariot; govern, direct, *ŋrāks meet, welcome, provide against, 迓 *ŋrāks to meet, receive, 逆 *ŋrak go to meet, oppose, 迎 *ŋraŋ to meet, 晤 *ŋāks to meet, 悟 *ŋāks to oppose, 迕 *ŋāks to go against, 禦 *ŋ(r)aʔ to withstand, hinder.

Tibetan: mŋa might, dominion, to govern.

Burmese: ŋrah to meet, encounter [with a dialectal variant ńah id. ( > Jnp. ńa)]; ŋraŋh reject.

Kachin: mǝŋaʔ² to repel, as an attack, (H) ŋa wait.

Lushai: KC *ŋhāk to meet; (?) Lush. ṭaŋ deny.

Comments: Nung ŋyeŋ deny. Ben. 44; Sh. 407; Mat. 182; Bodman 175. An example of rich original word derivation (suffixed -k, -ŋ; prefixed ~ infixed r-). The meanings vary substantially, and one can not exclude a confusion of more than one root, but the reflexes in daughter languages are very hard to separate from each other.

Chinese characters :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :