Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 下

Modern (Beijing) reading: xià

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ghrā́

Western Han Chinese: ɣrā́

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣrǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Middle Chinese: ɣạ́

English meaning : to descend; down, below

Russian meaning[s]: 1) низ; нижний; внизу, снизу; вниз; 2) послелог обстоятельства места под; 3) следующий, последующий; нижеследующий; будущий; 4) низшего сорта, худший, низший; 5) подлый; 6) спускать(ся); служебный глагол направления к, в; 7) издать, отдать; 8) засевать (хлеба); 9) класть (яйца); метать (икру, детенышей животных); 10) идти, выпадать; 11) посетить, прийти в (ресторан); остановиться в (гостинице); 12) разослать (приглашения); выпустить; 13) потратить (время, усилия); 14) взять (город); покорять(ся), пасть; 15) проявить (энергию, решимость); 16) удар; раз; 17) сторона; 18) левый; [-xia] суффикс направления действия (вниз) и совершенного вида действия

Comments: Also read *ghrāʔ-s, MC ɣạ̀ (FQ 胡駕)'to descend; fall'. For *gh cf. Xiamen e⁶, Chaozhou e⁴, Fuzhou a⁶, Jianou a⁸.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 1

Four-angle index: 1973

Karlgren code: 0035 a-c

Go-on: ge

Kan-on: ka

Japanese reading: ka;ge;shita;shimo;moto;sageru;sagaru;kudaru;kudasu;kudasaru;orosu;oriru

Vietnamese reading: hạ

Jianchuan Bai: ɣɛ1-

Dali Bai: er1-

Bijiang Bai: -ji1-

Shijing occurrences: 15.3_, 19.3_, 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 31.3_, 32.3_, 33.2, 35.1

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *klaH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fall

Chinese: 下 *ghrāʔ to descend; down, below (? - with irregular -r-)

Burmese: kjaʔ to fall, become low, be thrown down, LB *klaʔ; khjaʔ to throw or cast down, put down, LB *khlaʔ.

Kachin: khrat² fall from an elevation, khran¹ to fell trees or cut down bamboo; cf. also (H) phra to drop, let fall.

Lushai: tla (tlāk) to fall (from a height), to set or go down, thla (thlāk) to lower, let down, throw down, to drop.

Lepcha: klo to fall

Comments: Mikir klo; PG *khlaC throw away; Kham khja. Ben. 39.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 18

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 下

MC description : A: 假開二上馬匣; B: 假開二去禡匣

ZIHUI: A: 0007 0103; B: 0007 0104

Beijing: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Jinan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Xi'an: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Taiyuan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Hankou: A: śia 3 (lit.); xa 3; B: śia 3

Chengdu: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Yangzhou: A: xâ 3; śiâ 3 (lit.); B: śiâ 3 (lit.); xâ 3

Suzhou: A: ia_ 32 (lit.); ɦo 32; B: śia_ 31 (lit.); ɦo 32

Wenzhou: A: ɦo 22; B: ɦo 22

Changsha: A: ia 32 (lit.); xa 32; B: śia 32 (lit.); xa 32

Shuangfeng: A: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32; B: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32

Nanchang: A: ha 32; B: ha 32

Meixian: A: ha 3; B: ha 3

Guangzhou: A: ha 22; B: ha 32

Xiamen: A: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32; B: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32

Chaozhou: A: e 22; B: hia 22

Fuzhou: A: a 32; B: xa 32

Shanghai: A: ɦo 32; B: ɦo 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: xa 3; B: xa 2

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=VgV́ɫ-

Meaning: to lie, fall

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=VgVl

Sino-Tibetan: *klaH

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=VgVl

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to lie, to put

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *gir-

Proto-Dargwa: *=a(l)g-/=u(l)g-

Notes: An Aand-Darg. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Lak. b-alža-n (g. pr. b-algu-nu) 'to contain, restrain; dress, provide clothes' (although the semantic development raises some doubts).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *gir-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to lie

Avar: =eg-

Chadakolob: =eg-n-

Andian language: gir-di-

Chamalal: gara-d-

Tindi: ʁor-d-

Karata: gir-

Comments: The Andian forms reflect the stem II (*gir-), while Avar reflects stem I (*=VgVr-). Some problems are raised by Av. dialectal forms (Chad. -n-conjugation) and by the Tind. initial ʁ- which is quite irregular. However, it doesn't seem proper to separate this form from Cham. garad- etc. (the reason for ʁ- may be contamination with ʁer-d- 'to roll, glide' - see under EC *=irʁwV).

In Avar there is also a stem =ug-, serving as present for the verb 'to be' (=uḳ-n-); it probably can be related (with Ablaut) to the root *=Vg(Vr)- / *gir- 'to lie'. Cf. also its Akhv. counterpart g- / gol-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=a(l)g-/=u(l)g-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to lie

Chiragh: sah=alg-/=ulg-

Comments: Cf. also probably Ur. =ag-/=ig- 'to get (somewhere)' - although root structure differences between Ur. and Chir. raise some doubts.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : to lie, fall down

Eurasiatic : *kVlV

Sino-Caucasian : *=VgVlV́

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kVlV

Meaning: to lie, sleep (also 'fall', cf. 412?)

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gol- (cf. also *gwol-?)

Uralic: *kalV

References: ND 860 *kalV 'to lie' (+ ECush. Gdl.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gwol-

Meaning: to lie

Armenian: kalaɫ `Höhle, Schlupfwinkel od. Lager wilder Tiere, von Schlangen, Drachen'

Old Greek: gōleó-s m. 'a hole', gōliós Hsch., pl. gōleá Nic., gōlei̯á Lyc.

Baltic: *gul̃- vb. intr., *gōl-ia- c., *gō̂l-iā̃ (1) f., *gul-ē̂- vb., *gul̃-t-ā̂ f., -ac., *gul-jā̂ f., *gwal̃-s-t-ja- adj., *gwal-ia- c., *gwal-ā̂ f.,

Germanic: ? *kúl-ɵ-a- m., *kul-d-ṓ f.

Russ. meaning: лежать

References: WP I 639 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *gul̃- vb. intr., *gōl-ia- c., *gō̂l-iā̃ (1) f., *gul-ē̂- vb., *gul̃-t-ā̂ f., -ac., *gul-jā̂ f., *gwal̃-s-t-ja- adj., *gwal-ia- c., *gwal-ā̂ f.,

Meaning: lie

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Lithuanian: gvalis (žvērų) 'ɫōżysko, legowisko, cubile, latebrae (ferarum)' (Szyrwid)

Lithuanian: guõli-s 'Lagerstätte, Schlafstätte', gùlta, gùlta-s, gval̃ščia- = gul̃ščia- 'lang hingestreckt, liegend, waagerecht', (Jušk.) gvalà, adv. gvalù `(auf der flachen Saite) liegend', gvalìnē tvōrà (Kvėdarna) 'aus waagerecht gelegten Latten bestehender Zaun'; gulḗti 'liegen'

Lettish: guõl̨a 'Nest, Lager; langer Brutkasten mit Abteilungen, in die man Gänse, n. U. auch anderes Fasel zu Brüten setzt; Muschel, Schneckenhaus; Raufe; Hecke'; gul̃t, *gùlt (gul̂t²) (gulstu/gul̨u, gulu/gūlu) `sich schlafen legensich lagern', gul̃tiês, gùltiês 'sich schlafen liegen'; gulêt (-lu/-l̨ u, -ẽju) 'schlafen; liegen'; gùlta, gul̃ta 'Bett'; gul̨a `Liegen, Schlafen; Lager, Schlafstelle, Bett; Krankheit'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kúlɵa-z, *kuldṓ

Meaning: brood, litter

IE etymology: IE etymology

Norwegian: dial. kold, kuld m., f. `ein Wurf von Tierjungen, ein Nestvoll ier, Kinder aus derselben he'

Old Swedish: kolder `ein Wurf von Tierjungen, ein Nestvoll ier, Kinder aus derselben Ehe'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1144

Root: leig-3, loig-

English meaning: to jump; to tremble

German meaning: `hüpfen, beben; beben machen'

Material: Ai. rḗjati `macht hüpfen, läßt erbeben', rḗjatē `hüpft, bebt', rējáyati `macht erzittern, beben';

npers. ālēχtan `springen, ausschlagen (vom Pferde)', kurd. be-lezium `tanze', līzim `spiele';

gr. ἐλελίζω, ἐλέλιξα `mache erzittern, schwinge', ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων `Erderschütterer' (dazu wohl auch λιγ- `worauf losstürmen' in λιγαίνει `stürmt los', λίγα ταχέως);

air. loíg m. `Kalb', bret. dial. lu-é ds., lu `Dummkopf, lächerlich'; cymr. Pl. lloi `Kälber' (Sg. llo) ist ir. Lw.;

got. laikan (laílaik) `hüpfen, springen', bi-laikan `verspotten', laiks `Tanz', anord. leika (lēk) `spielen, züngeln (Flamme), fechten, jemandem mitspielen', leikr `Spiel, Spott', ags. lācan `sich schnell bewegen, spielen, fechten', lāc `Spiel, Kampf, Beute, Gabe', mhd. leichen `hüpfen, foppen', ahd. leih, leich `Spiel, Melodie, Gesang, Leich', nhd. dial. laich `lusus venerius', mnd.lēk `das Laichen, Laich', nhd. Laich (aus dem Germ. entl. abg. likъ `Reigen');

lit. láigyti `wild umherlaufen', Verbalnomen láigymas.

References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.

Pages: 667-668

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 233

Proto: *kalV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: spend a night

German meaning: übernachten

Udmurt (Votyak): ke̮l- (S), kȯl- (K), ke̮lị̑- 'übernachten'

Komi (Zyrian): voj-kol uź- (Lu.), oj-ke̮v uź- (P), voj-kolav- (V) 'übernachten'

Khanty (Ostyak): kal- (V), χot- (DN), χal- (O)

Mansi (Vogul): kōl- (TJ P), χūl- (KU So.)

Hungarian: hál- 'übernachten, schlafen'

Sammalahti's version: *kala-