Chinese characters :

Character: 涸

Modern (Beijing) reading: hé

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)āk

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)āk

Western Han Chinese: gāk (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gāk (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gāk (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gāk (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gāk (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣâk

English meaning : to become dry

Russian meaning[s]: 1) высыхать; высохший; пересыхать, иссякать; 2) обеднеть, оскудеть

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 1841

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)jāk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry; coated, caked

Chinese: 涸 *g_āk to become dry.

Tibetan: khjag(s) frozen, ice.

Lushai: khāk be caked, coated; be hard or caked together (as earth).

Lepcha: kak 1 to be costive, to be bound (bowels) 2 to be overcooked

Comments: Cf. Limbu khākmaʔ 'harden, solidify'. Cf. Karen *khVʔ, Dhimal tir-ka, Nocte a-ki, Haka kik 'cold'; Miji mǝkhyaŋ, Lhota ekhyaŋ, Manipuri akaŋ-ba 'dry'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xGéxGV

Meaning: dry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *G_wiG_wĂr

Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)jāk

Yenisseian: *qV[ʔG]i-

Burushaski: *qaq-

Comments and references : Perhaps just a reduplication of *=ixGĂr q.v. In PY cf. also *qɔqante `hunger' - probably the same root, cf. a similar polysemy in Bur.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=iG_wĂr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry, to dry

Proto-Nakh: *=aq̇-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇:ʷV-

Proto-Tsezian: *qoqV- A

Proto-Lak: q̇a-q̇-

Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ʷar-

Proto-Khinalug: q̇i

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷV

Notes: A very stable common NC root; reflected in most languages as both a verbal and adjectival stem. Cf. also the nominal derivate *r-iG_wV / *G_wVrV 'draught' (PD *deʁʷ > Ak. deʁ, Chir. deʁʷ, Ur. diw, PTs > Gunz. (Nakh.) qor). Note a frequent use of the reduplicated stem *G_wiGwVr- (in PA, PC, Lak.). See Абдоков 1983, 144-145.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=aq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Chechen: =eq̇a

Ingush: =eq̇a

Batsbi: =aq̇ĩ

Comments: PN *=aq̇-i(n) "dry" is derived from the verbal base *=aq̇- "to dry, to get dry" (cf. Chech. =aq̇-ō tr., =aq̇a-dala intr., Bacb. =aq̇-dar tr.).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇:ʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Avar: =aq̇:ʷarab

Chadakolob: =uq̇ara-b

Andian language: =eq̇:u-b

Akhvakh: =uq̇:ada

Chamalal: =eq̇:u-b

Tindi: =eq̇:u-b

Karata: =eq̇:u-b

Godoberi: =eq̇:uq̇:i-b

Comments: The word for 'dry' is a participle of the verbal root *=iq̇:ʷV- "to dry (up)", cf. Av. =aq̇:ʷá-, Akhv. =uq̇:o-, Kar. =eq̇:ʷa-, Botl. =eq̇:ʷ-, Tind. =eq̇:ʷ-, =eq̇:uq̇:-, God. =eq̇:uq̇:-, Cham. =eq̇:uq̇:- (the last three forms are reduplicated).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *qoqV- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Tsezi: quqqǟsi

Ginukh: quqes

Khvarshi: quqqa (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: quqqu

Bezhta: qoqoro

Gunzib: qoqoru

Comments: The word is actually a gerund of the verb *qoqV- A 'to dry up, get dry', cf.Tsez. quqa id. PTsKh *quqV-, PGB *qoqo-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇a-q̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Lak form: q̇a-q̇-s:a

Comments: Cf. the verbal stem q̇a-q̇a- (p.pr. q̇a-q̇u-) 'to get dry'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Akusha: =erub-si

Chiragh: =erʁub-ze

Comments: Cf. also Kharb., Tsud. =erʁub-se. This adjective is derived from the verb *=erʁʷ- 'to dry' (Ak. =ur-es, Ur. =irʔʷ-/=urʔʷ-, Chir. -erʁ-/-urʁʷ-).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ʷar-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Lezghian: q̇uraj

Tabasaran: q:uru

Agul: ruq:uf

Rutul: q:urud

Tsakhur: q:urna

Budukh: q:uru

Archi: q̇ure

Udi: q:ari

Comment: All forms are in fact verbal adjectives. The verbal forms are widely preserved: Lezg. q̇ura-z (praet. q̇ura-na) 'to dry', Tab. u-r-q:u-z 'to get stale', Ag. ruq:ʷa-s (Bursh. urq:ʷa-s) 'to dry', Arch. q̇ura-s (imper. q̇uraq̇:a)/ q̇ʷa-s id. The Rut. and Bud. form may have been influenced by Turkic (cf. Azerb. Guru 'dry'), but there is no doubt in the authenticity of this root in PL.

    Cf. Бокарев 1961, 64; Гигинейшвили 1977, 108.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to dry out, get dry

Abkhaz: a-ʕʷa-rá

Abaza: ʕʷa-ra

Adyghe: ʁʷǝ-n

Kabardian: ʁʷǝ-n

Ubykh: ʁǝ-

Comments: PAT *ʕʷa-, PAK *ʁʷǝ-. Not quite clear is the loss of labialization in Ub. The root serves also as a basis for the adjective 'dry' in all languages: Abkh. a-ʕʷá, Abaz. jǝ-r-ʕʷu, Ad. ʁʷǝ-ʁa, Kab. ʁʷǝ-r, Ub. ʁ-q̇a.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qV[G]i-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Ket: tōjiŋ¹, South. tɔʁaiŋ⁵

Yug: tɔxɔ́iŋ / tɔxáiŋ; xo- in xobaŋ¹, pl. -ɨn¹ 'dry place' > 'shallow place'

Kottish: xújga (М., Сл., Кл.); Ass. xújga (М., Сл., Кл.), huj-tu (Кл.)

Arin: qoija (М., Сл., Кл.)

Pumpokol: ič-kój-ŋa (Сл.) "сухой"

Comments: ССЕ 265. The Ket-Yug form contains a prefixed element tɔ-. Werner 2, 283 <*qoj / *qojiŋ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qaq-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 dry 2 hungry

Yasin: qaq- 1, 2

Hunza: qaq 2

Nagar: qaq 2

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVKV

Meaning : dry

Eurasiatic : *k`Vk`V

Afroasiatic : Cush. *gag- dry

Sino-Caucasian : *xGéxGV

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *k`Vk`V

Meaning: dry

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`i̯ăk`e ( ~ -k-, -a)

Uralic: *koksV

Comments: Cf. Aleut *qaka- 'dry'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ăk`e ( ~ -k-, -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dry

Russian meaning: сухой

Turkic: *KAk

Mongolian: *kagda-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)igǯa-

Comments: A Western isogloss. See KW 160, 176, Poppe 17, 58; TMN 3, 394 ("weder beweisbar noch widerlegbar"). Mong. is not from Turkic, despite Щербак 1997, 134.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *KAk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dry

Russian meaning: сухой

Karakhanid: qaq (MK)

Turkish: dial. kak, kah

Tatar: qaq

Middle Turkic: qaq (Sangl., Abush.)

Uzbek: qɔq

Uighur: qaq

Azerbaidzhan: Gax

Turkmen: qaq

Oyrat: qaq

Kirghiz: qaq

Kazakh: qaq

Noghai: qaq

Bashkir: qaq

Karakalpak: qaq

Kumyk: qaq

Comments: VEWT 223, ЭСТЯ 5, 218-220, EDT 608.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kag-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to become hard, dry 2 last year's grass

Russian meaning: 1 засыхать, затвердевать 2 прошлогодняя трава

Written Mongolian: qaɣda 2 (L 908)

Khalkha: xagd 2, xagsa- 1

Buriat: xagda(n) 2, xagsa 1

Kalmuck: xaɣsǝ- 1, xaɣdǝ 2 (КРС)

Monguor: xadarā- 'être en lambeaux, être usé' (SM 147), xaʒā- 'être ou devenir sec, se dessécher' (SM 148)

Comments: Mong. > Man. xakda, xaksa- etc., see Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 99; > Yak. xagdarɨj-, Dolg. kagdarɨj- 'to become yellow (of leaves)' (Stachowski 132).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)igǯa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 yellow 2 grey

Russian meaning: 1 желтый 2 серый

Evenki: igǯa-ma, -rin 1

Even: ịɣǯaqa 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 297.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1342

Proto: *koksV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: dry

German meaning: trocken, dürr

Mari (Cheremis): kukšǝ̑ (KB), kukšo (U B) 'trocken'

Udmurt (Votyak): ke̮s (S), kȯs (K), ke̮s (G) 'trocken, dürr; Fasten'

Komi (Zyrian): kos (S), ko̯s (SO), ke̮s (P), ku̇s (PO) 'trocken'

Sammalahti's version: *koksV

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