Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 鉗

Modern (Beijing) reading: qián

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghram

Classic Old Chinese: ghram

Western Han Chinese: ghram

Eastern Han Chinese: ghram

Early Postclassic Chinese: ghem

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghem

Late Postclassic Chinese: ghem

Middle Chinese: gem

English meaning : pincers, to pinch [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: щипцы; клещи; тиски; брать щипцами; защемлять

Comments: Colloquial Viet. loans from the same source are kềm, kìm id. For *gh cf. Xiamen khĩ², Chaozhou khiǝm², Fuzhou khieŋ², Jianou khiŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 1024

Karlgren code: 0606 i

Vietnamese reading: kiềm

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khăm ( ~ qh-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs

Chinese: 鉗 *gh(r)am tweezers, tongs.

Tibetan: skam a pair of tongs.

Comments: Cf. *krɨam.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1760

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 鉗

MC description : 咸開三平鹽群

ZIHUI: 6883 1864

Beijing: ćhian 12

Jinan: ćhiã 12

Xi'an: ćhiã 12

Taiyuan: ćhiɛ 1

Hankou: ćhian 12

Chengdu: ćhian 12

Yangzhou: ćhî̃ 12

Suzhou: ʒ́î 12

Wenzhou: ʒ́i 12

Changsha: ćiẽ 12

Shuangfeng: ʒ́î̃ 12

Nanchang: ćhiɛn 12

Meixian: khiam 12

Guangzhou: khim 12

Xiamen: khiam 12 (lit.); khĩ 12

Chaozhou: khiǝm 12

Fuzhou: khieŋ 12

Shanghai: ćî 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: khiem 12

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Gɦămc̣ắ ( ~ *xG-)

Meaning: tongs

North Caucasian: *Gɦămc̣ă ( ~ -ǝ̆)

Sino-Tibetan: *khăm ( ~ qh-)

Comments and references : LV A10.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Gɦămc̣ă ( ~ -ǝ̆)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʁimc̣V

Proto-Tsezian: *χ:ɔ̃c̣V A

Proto-Lak: q:Iac̣a

Proto-Dargwa: *q:Iamc̣a

Proto-Lezghian: *q:Iamc̣(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Most languages regularly (sometimes with assimilations, expectable in a root with two stops) reflect *Gɦămc̣ă (not quite clear is the *-i- vowel in PA). However, in Av.-And.-Tsez. there must have existed an irregular variant with initial *χ:-, reflected in PTs *χ:ɔ̃c̣V and in some Andian languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʁimc̣V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Avar: ʁec̣

Chadakolob: ʁeč̣

Andian language: χuc̣u

Akhvakh: q̇:enč̣o (Tseg.)

Chamalal: χic̣ʷ

Karata: ʁec̣e

Bagvalal: ʁec̣ʷ (Tlond.)

Godoberi: ʁuc̣u

Comments: Av. paradigm C (ʁoc̣ó-l, ʁúc̣-dul; Chad. ʁoč̣ó-l/ʁič̣í-l, ʁéč̣a-l). Cf. also And. (Leksika) ʁuc̣u, Akhv. Ratl. q̇:ibč̣o, Tseg. q̇:ebč̣u (coexisting with q̇:enč̣o), Cham. Gig. χizu, Kar. Anch., Archo. ʁerc̣e.

A complicated case: the most probable reconstruction is *ʁimc̣V (-m- is suggested by -b-/-n- in Akhv. and by the -u- vowel in And. and God.). There are, however, some unexplicable irregularities: χ- in Andi (at least in the MSU recording) and Cham., q̇:- in Akhvakh.

Northern Akhv. ʁec̣i is obviously a loan from Avar; Av.-And. origin is also probable for Arch. χac̣i 'tongs' (quite irregular as compared to other Lezghian forms, see below).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *χ:ɔ̃c̣V A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Tsezi: χoc̣u

Ginukh: χoc̣u

Bezhta: χac̣o

Gunzib: χɔ̃c̣ǝ

Comments: PTsKh *χoc̣u ( ~ -õ-); PGB *χɔ̃c̣ǝ.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q:Iac̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Lak form: q:Iac̣a

Comments: Cf. Khosr. q:Iac̣a id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *q:Iamc̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Akusha: GIamc̣a

Chiragh: ʁIac̣a

Comments: Cf. also Ur. GaImc̣a, Kub. q:Iac̣a, Tsud. q:imc̣a, Sirg. q:Iamc̣a. Chir. ʁIac̣a, as well as Gapsh. q̇Ianc̣a are irregular (reflecting dis-/assimilations).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q:Iamc̣(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongs, pincers

Lezghian: q:Iäc̣ (Khl.)

Tabasaran: q̇Ianc:

Agul: q̇Iac̣

Rutul: q:Iac̣

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q̇Iamc:a, Ag. Bursh. R̀anc̣ʷ, Burk. q̇ec̣ / q:ec̣. 4th class in Rut. The root reveals a variation between *q:I- (which is the original variant) and *q̇I- (result of assimilation). Oblique base is not clear.

See Лексика 1971, 202, 173; Хайдаков 1973, 89.