Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 后

Modern (Beijing) reading: hòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghōʔ ghōʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ghṓ

Western Han Chinese: ɣwā́

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣwā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: ɣʌ́w ɣʌ̀w

Fanqie: 菏藕

Rhyme class: 宥, 有

English meaning : prince, sovereign, a major lord

Russian meaning[s]: 1) государь, правитель; императрица; 2) после, затем, вм. 後

Shuowen gloss: 繼體君也. 象人之形. 施令. 以告四方. 故厂之. 從一口. 發號者. 君后也. 凡后之屬皆從后.

Comments: Also read *ghōʔ-s, MC ɣл̀w id. For *gh- cf. Xiamen au⁶, Chaozhou au⁴.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1135

Karlgren code: 0112 a-b

Vietnamese reading: hậu

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qhǝ̄wH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: head

Chinese: 后 *ghōʔ sovereign, lord, queen.

Tibetan: mgo head; first place, principal part, ãgo officer, captain.

Burmese: uh head, beginning, LB *(s)ɣu.

Lushai: ? kô, KC *kô head.

Comments: Cf. also Tib. mgon principal, master; lord; BG: Garo sko, Dimasa sagau ; Digaro mkau ~ mku-ra. Sh. 50; Ben. 149. KC k- is quite irregular and suggests that there may be two roots: *k(h)ow(H) head and *qhōwH sovereign, principal - merging in some languages.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *χqVHV́

Meaning: lord, prince

North Caucasian: PWC *χ́ǝ 'prince'

Sino-Tibetan: *qhǝ̄wH

Yenisseian: *χɨji

Comments and references : HGC 27.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *χɨji

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: prince

Ket: qɨ̄j, pl. qɨjeŋ^5,6

Kottish: hīji, *hīje, pl. hījan, hīkŋ "lord, prince"; Ass. hii (М., Сл.); hu, huj (Кл.)

Arin: bikhej (М., Сл., Кл.) "lord"; (Стр.) birkej "lord (König)"; (Лоск.) kej "superior, power"; berkekej "lord"

Comments: ССЕ 301. Ket and Yug have also a synonymous kɨ̄j 'prince' (see Werner 1, 472). The relationship between these variants is not quite clear. One cannot exclude that Ket qɨ̄j is historically a compound (qɛʔ 'big' + kɨ̄j 'prince', with a contraction). In this case one should rather reconstruct PY *kɨji.