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Chinese characters :
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Character: 矼
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiāng
Preclassic Old Chinese: krōŋ
Classic Old Chinese: krōŋ
Western Han Chinese: krōŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: krōŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄ŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄ŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄ŋ
Middle Chinese: kạuŋ
English meaning : firm
Comments: Mod. q- is irregular.
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Karlgren code: 1172 x
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gjōŋ
Meaning: hard
Tibetan: gjoŋ hard, harsh, rough, rude, kjoŋ hard, obstinate, unmanageable.
Burmese: khǝuŋ be firm, strong, durable.
Lushai: khoŋ stiff (as leg, neck, cloth), rigid, inflexible, paralysed.
Lepcha: kjoŋ to labour hard, to toil, to exert oneself at work
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ilxqV́ŋ-
Meaning: labour, hard work
Comments and references : WFR 124.
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ilqVn
Meaning: to work
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verb is attested only in the Eastern Daghestan area.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =uqa-n
Meaning: to plough
Lak form: =uqa-n
Comments: G. pr. =u=qu-n.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *luqVn-
Meaning: to work
Chiragh: luq-
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔilχan
Meaning: to work
Tabasaran: li=χ-
Agul: luχ-
Archi: irχʷin-
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh., Tp. liχan- 'to work', and the derivates: Tab. laχIin, Ag. Bursh. leχen 'work', Rut. luχun 'collective work (while building a house)'. Here we must also relate Lezg. ḳʷa-laχ- 'to work', Rut. gʷa-laχ 'work' (although the prefixation is not clear). The Archi form has a secondary labialisation (inf. irχʷmus < *irχn-bos with assimilation); however, tense -χ:ʷ- in durative forms (like =irχ:ʷin) must be secondary, because all other languages and the external evidence point certainly to weak PL *-χ-. See Лексика 1971, 147; Хайдаков 1973, 137.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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