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Chinese characters :
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Character: 云
Modern (Beijing) reading: yún
Preclassic Old Chinese: wǝn
Classic Old Chinese: wǝn
Western Han Chinese: wǝn
Eastern Han Chinese: wǝn
Early Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Late Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Middle Chinese: ɦün
English meaning : to say
Russian meaning[s]: 1) говорить, сказать (что-л.); гласит следующее..., а именно...; 2) конечная частица в вэньяне, обычно завершает прямую речь или цитату; 3) древн. начальная частица так, вот так; таков; 4) древн. облако, вм. 雲; 5) Юнь (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: 古文省雨.亦古文雲. [575]
Comments: The character was the original drawing of *whǝn 'cloud' (see 雲). The meaning "to say" is attested already in inscriptions (see Schüssler 800), and must have been a loan of the character for a word related to 曰 *wat, 謂 *wǝts 'say, speak'. These words have *w- (cf. 曰 Fuzhou uak8, uok8, Jianou ua6; 謂 Xiamen ui6, Fuzhou oi6, Chaozhou ui4), therefore the reconstruction *wǝn seems the most plausible. During the Eastern Zhou period, however, the character is used only to denote a homonymous modal (?) particle, the meaning of which is much debated. Schüssler (ibid.) thinks it may have been derived from 有 *whǝʔ and mean "there being it, happen that, come to", but most commentators prefer simply to ignore it in translations.
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 8660
Karlgren code: 0460 a
Shijing occurrences: 3.4, 33.3, 38.4, 47.1, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 50.2
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *χʷV
Meaning: to speak
Burmese: hu (arch.) 'to speak, talk'
Kachin: hɔ 'to preach'
Comments: Not quite reliable phonologically (one should rather expect *xʷ- in Chinese).
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 53
Character: 云
MC description : 臻合三平文云
ZIHUI: 0061 2215
Beijing: yn 12
Jinan: yẽ 12
Xi'an: yẽ 12
Taiyuan: yŋ 1
Hankou: yn 12
Chengdu: yn 12
Yangzhou: yĩ 12
Suzhou: yǝn 12
Wenzhou: ɦyoŋ 12
Changsha: yn 12
Shuangfeng: uǝn 12
Nanchang: yn 31
Meixian: jun 12
Guangzhou: uan 12
Xiamen: un 12 (lit.); hun 12
Chaozhou: huŋ 12
Fuzhou: xuŋ 12
Shanghai: yiŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: yǝn 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HarχÚ
Meaning: to speak, shout
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *HarχU
Meaning: to sound, shout
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=aχ- Proto-West Caucasian: *χʷV Notes: The root is onomatopoeic, but correspondences are regular (except for resonant metathesis in PL: *raχa- < *Harχa-; the original sequence is probably preserved in Tsakh.), and its PNC antiquity seems rather probable.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʡaχ-
Meaning: 1 to howl, to bellow 2 to bark
Chechen: ʕaχ- 1
Ingush: ʕaχ- 1,2
Batsbi: ʕaχ- 1
Comments: Cf. also dur. *ʕēχ- (Chech. ʕēχ-, Ing. ʕeχ-) id.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=aχ-
Meaning: to bark
Andian language: =aχ-
Comments: Attested only in And., but having probable external parallels.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=eχ- ( ~ -ʁ:-)
Meaning: to bark
Gunzib: =eʁ-
Comments: Isolated in Gunz., but having good external parallels.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *raχa-
Meaning: 1 to wail, howl 2 to thunder 3 to speak 4 to bark
Lezghian: raχa- 3
Tabasaran: raχ- 2
Agul: ruχ- 1
Tsakhur: ɨ=χIa- 4
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. raχu-na, Ag. Bursh. ruχa- 'to wail'. Pharyngealisation in Tsakh. is expressive. In Agul the root is mixed up with the reflexes of PL *ʔerχʷa 'to ask, read', but in general the two roots are quite distinct.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *χʷV
Meaning: to shout
Abkhaz: á-ħʷħʷa-ra
Abaza: ħʷħʷa-ra
Ubykh: wa-χ(ǝ)-
Comments: PAT *ħʷa (with expressive gemination); Ub. sǝ-waχǝ́-n.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *huxV-
Meaning: to cry, shout
Ket: dūɣǝ1, South. dūɣ
Yug: dūɣ
Kottish: hujei "shouting"; hujej-ākŋ "to shout"
Comments: ССЕ 231. An expressive root; the connection of the Ket-Yug and Kott. forms is possible if d- is a historical prefix. Werner 1, 328 (but cf. also *kɨ̄j-).
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ha-n-
Meaning: to call
Yasin: há-n-, há-i-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *e=r̄a-n
Meaning: say, tell, call, name
High Navarrese: erran
Low Navarrese: erran
Salazarese: erran
Lapurdian: erran
Baztanese: erran
Zuberoan: erran
Roncalese: erran
Comments: The eastern Bsq root, opposed to western *e=śa-n.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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