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Chinese characters :
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Character: 治
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhì
Preclassic Old Chinese: Łhǝs
Classic Old Chinese: Łhǝh
Western Han Chinese: Łhǝh
Eastern Han Chinese: lhǝh
Early Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀
Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀
Late Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀
Middle Chinese: ḍɨ̀
English meaning : to work, make, regulate, govern
Russian meaning[s]: 1) управлять; править; ведать; административный; 2) регулировать; упорядочивать; 3) лечить, исцелять; 4) налагать взыскание; наказывать (преступников); 5) подведомственный район; резиденция местных властей; 6) порядок, спокойствие, мир; умиротворитель (в последнем значении классическое чтение chí); 7) Чжи (фамилия)
Comments: Also read *Łhǝ, MC ḍɨ (FQ 直之) id. Later semantic developments are ('to regulate' >) 'to cure, heal; to punish'.
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 1441
Vietnamese reading: trị
Shijing occurrences: 27.3_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆H
Meaning: act, treat
Tibetan: las action, act, deed, work.
Comments: Cf. also OC 治 *Łhǝ-s 'to work, regulate, govern'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-comments,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 620
Character: 治
MC description : 止開三去志澄
ZIHUI: 3112 0469
Beijing: c̣î_ 3
Jinan: c̣î_ 3
Xi'an: c̣î_ 3
Taiyuan: ci_ 3
Hankou: ci_ 3
Chengdu: ci_ 3
Yangzhou: ci_ 3
Suzhou: zü 32
Wenzhou: ʒi_ 32
Changsha: c̣î_ 31
Shuangfeng: ʒ̣î_ 32
Nanchang: chi_ 32
Meixian: chi_ 3
Guangzhou: či 32
Xiamen: ti 32 (lit.)
Chaozhou: ti 32
Fuzhou: tei 32
Shanghai: zi_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: či 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=iŁV
Meaning: to put
Comments and references : (MCGD 7).
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=iŁV
Meaning: to put
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The original meaning must be reconstructed as 'to put', with many secondary semantic developments (especially in Nakh languages). In PTs we would rather expect a *-L:- - the development of a lateral obstruent to *-l- in PTs is rather unique and must be explained by dissimilation with the early added *g-preverb (the lateral fricative lost its usual velar timbre and changed into a resonant).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=āʎ- / -iʎ-
Meaning: to become, get
Chechen: =āl-
Ingush: =al-
Batsbi: =aʎ-
Comments: A very polysemic root. It is used in all three languages as an auxiliary with the meaning 'to become'; as a separate verb it can mean 'to grow; to shoot; to cross (e.g. a river); to live up to; to go away, out', with more or less the same set of meanings in all Nakh languages. The attested Ablaut grades are *=āʎ- (see above), *=ēbʎ- (Chech. =īl-, Bacb. =epl- = -ebʎ-), *=ōʎ- (Bacb. =oʎ-), *=ā-b-ʎ- (Chech. =owl-). It is also very probable, that the short Ablaut grade *-iʎ- with the preverb *χ- has yielded the common Nakh verb of being, *χiʎ- > Chech., Ing. χil-, Bacb. χiʎ-. Bacbian in Kadagidze's recordings has a uniform -ʎ-; Desheriyev, however, writes =al- in the meaning 'to become' (Matsiyev writes =aʎ- 'to become', but =al- 'to go away'). The reason for these variations may be contamination with another widely spread common Nakh verb *=ill- / *=ēbl- / *=ōl(l) 'to put, to begin/finish etc.' (also very polysemic).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *gül-
Meaning: to put
Tsezi: erʷ-
Ginukh: gor-
Khvarshi: gil-
Inkhokvari: gul-
Bezhta: g=il- (Tlad.)
Gunzib: g=ǝl-
Comments: PTsKh *ʔüR- / *güR- (the reason for loss of g- in Tsez. is not clear); PGB *g=ǝl-. All forms (except Bezht.) are taken from Bok. Tsez. In PGB the verb retains class markers (despite the loss of initial vowel), which interact with the root vowel (*gǝl- / *gil- / *gul-).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:e-
Meaning: 1 to put 2 to throw 3 to point (to a thief)
Lezghian: g-igi- 3
Tabasaran: jiw- 1
Agul: ije- (Tp.) 1
Rutul: =ije- 2
Tsakhur: a=ɣa- 2
Kryz: ʕ-aj- 1
Budukh: q:-ij- 1
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. g-ige-na; Kryz. q:-ɨj- 'to cover' ( = Bud. q:-i=j-), Bud. e=j- 'to put (from above)', ʕ-ä=j- 'to put inside' ( = Kryz. ʕ-aj-); Tab. Düb. jiw-, dur. ji-l-ɣun- (the original *ƛ: > Tab. -w- in an intervocalic position before -u- /inf. jiw-uz, Düb. jiw-us/, but is not labialised within the cluster -lɣ-). Not quite clear is the Tsakh. vocalism. The verb belongs to the weak class in PL.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-comment,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *la-n
Meaning: work
Bizkaian: lan
Gipuzkoan: lan
High Navarrese: lan
Low Navarrese: lan
Lapurdian: lan
Zuberoan: lan
Roncalese: lan
Comments: The Bsq-NCauc semantic link is not very precise, but typologically possible: cf. Old Slavic dělo ‘work’ : děti ‘to put’. In ST cf. especially Tibetan la-s 'action, act, deed, work' < PST *lǝ̆H 'to act, treat'.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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