Chinese characters :

Character: 血

Modern (Beijing) reading: xuè

Preclassic Old Chinese: swīt

Classic Old Chinese: w̥īt

Western Han Chinese: w̥jǝ̄t

Eastern Han Chinese: w̥iǝ̄t

Early Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Late Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Middle Chinese: xwiet

English meaning : blood

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кровь; кровавый, окровавленный; кровопролитный; 2) кровное родство; кровный

Comments: Viet. also has tiết 'animal blood' - an archaic loan (with t- regularly representing OC *s-, which was already lost in MC).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 143

Four-angle index: 734

Karlgren code: 0410 a-c

Vietnamese reading: huyết

Jianchuan Bai: sua6

Dali Bai: sua6

Bijiang Bai: sua6

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔʷīj (s-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Chinese: 血 *swhīt blood.

Tibetan: yi spirit.

Burmese: swijh blood, LB *Sujx.

Kachin: sai² blood.

Lushai: thi blood, KC *thi.

Lepcha: vi

Kiranti: *hì

Comments: Tsangla yi; BG: Dimasa thi, Garo anʔ-tśi, Bodo tǝ́y; Rawang śö; Trung čǝi¹; Kanauri świ; Rgyarung -śi; Moshang tă-gri; Banpara a-dźi; Miri iyu; Vayu vi; Bahing hu-si; Digaro hǝroi~hrwei. Sh. 52, 135, 442; Ben. 51; Mat 181.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *hì

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: blood

Sunwar: hu- in husi 'jit-ca 'to bleed'

Tulung: sisi (< <*se-si <*seŋ-hi "liver+blood"?)

Kaling: hi

Limbu: makkhī (māk- "black")

Dumi: hī

Kulung: hi

Yamphu: ha-ri

Comments: Toba 87 *hi.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: ma:khi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: blood.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: hi:

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: blood

Nepali: ragat

Comments: cf. hi:lamdɨ, hi:tǝm.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: hi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: blood

Nepali: ragat.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: hari

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: blood.

Nepali: ragat

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 305

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 血

MC description : 山合四入屑曉

ZIHUI: 5877 0366

Beijing: śie 2

Jinan: śie 11

Xi'an: śie 11

Taiyuan: śyǝʔ 41

Hankou: śie 12

Chengdu: śye 12

Yangzhou: śyǝʔ 4

Suzhou: śyôʔ 41

Wenzhou: śy 41

Changsha: śye 4

Shuangfeng: śyɛ 12

Nanchang: śyɔt 41

Meixian: hiat 41

Guangzhou: hyt 43

Xiamen: huiʔ 41; hueʔ 41; hiat 41 (lit.)

Chaozhou: hueʔ 41

Fuzhou: xieʔ 41

Shanghai: śyîʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: xye 42

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *hwĭʔnV

Meaning: blood

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *hwĕʔnV

Sino-Tibetan: *ʔʷīj (s-)

Basque: *hune

Comments and references : HGC 18, NSC 54 *HwEnHV, WFR 71, LDC 17, BCD 37.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *hwĕʔnV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ħinHi

Proto-Tsezian: *ħɔ̃j A

Proto-Lak: uI

Proto-Dargwa: *ħi

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäʔ

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ħinHi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 blood 2 meat

Avar: han 2

Chadakolob: han 2

Andian language: hin 1

Akhvakh: hini 1

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. haná-l). Cf. also Akhv. Ratl., Tl.,Tseg. hĩ.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ħɔ̃j A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Tsezi: e

Ginukh: ijo

Khvarshi: ĩq̇ʷa

Inkhokvari: ẽq̇o

Bezhta: hẽ

Gunzib: hãj

Comments: The PTs paradigm must be reconstructed as *ħɔ̃j, *ħẽjɔ-. This is reflected directly in Gunz. hãj (Nakh. hɔ̃j), hĩja- (PGB *hɔ̃j, *hẽjV-), while already in Bezht. the vowel grade of the oblique base has penetrated into the direct one: hẽ, hẽja-. The same process had taken place in PTsKh where we have to reconstruct *ʔẽj (cf.Tsez. ʔe, ʔeje-). The Khvarsh. and Inkh. forms contain a strange suffixed -q̇ʷa (-q̇o), but must be obviously related to the same root.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: uI

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Lak form: uI(t:u)

Comments: 3d class. The obl. base uI-t:u- is sometimes used as direct.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ħi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Akusha: ħi

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kad. ħi, Tsud., Kharb. ħe etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäʔ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blood

Lezghian: iwi

Tabasaran: ifi

Agul: iʔ

Rutul: äbir

Tsakhur: eb

Comment: The single root is preserved only in Agul. Other languages reflect PL compounds with *ʎ:wij or *ṗij q.v.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hune

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 marrow 2 pith 3 brain

Araban: uña 1, 2, 3

Bizkaian: un 1, 2, gar-un, gara-un, kara-un 3

Low Navarrese: hun 1, 2, 3

Salazarese: un 3

Lapurdian: huiñ 1, 2, (coastal) fuiñ 1, 2

Zuberoan: hün 1, 3, bür-hün 3

Roncalese: un 1, 3

Comments: This etymon competes with, and partially merges with *mune (q.v.), of distinct origin. Per Mitxelena (1961) and Trask (1995) Bsq *mune and *hune are "regional variants" of the same word, and suggest Schuchardt's derivation from Lat. fune- 'rope'. Since both words can coexist in the same dialect (e.g., BZK un 'marrow, pith' vs. muin 'germ, sprout'; SAL un-ak 'brains' vs. muña 'marrow, pith') we think the words are of distinct origin (PSC*hwĭʔnV, *mV̆́ɦnū, resp.), but there has been phonetic and semantic blending.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : blood, breath

Eurasiatic : *HwinV

Sino-Caucasian : *hwĕʔnV

Austric : PAA *C-ha:m, Munda Kar. eńam 'blood'

Reference : Peiros 1989, 127.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HwinV

Meaning: to breathe

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *i̯ū̀ni (cf. also *i̯uńŋu 'breathe, smell')

Uralic: *ońV 'tame, quiet' (if 'quiet' is original); cf. also *wajŋe 'soul, breath'

Dravidian: *in- (Dolg. also lists SD *iŋku- 'abide')

Eskimo-Aleut: *uŋ-uma-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'untǝ- to rest (cf. also *junĕs- to live)

References: (МССНЯ 340, ОСНЯ 1, 261); (ND 139a *ʡiN(V)qV - SD *iŋku, TM and Eg. ʕnχ 'live').

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭ̀ni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to live, rest

Russian meaning: жить, отдыхать

Mongolian: *ün-ǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *in-

Korean: *nūi

Japanese: *ìnǝ̀-tí

Comments: MKor. has a frequent initial vowel reduction.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ün-ǯi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to rest

Russian meaning: отдыхать

Middle Mongolian: unǯi-(gu) (SH)

Buriat: ünže- 'to spend a day'

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *in-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to live 2 alive

Russian meaning: 1 жить 2 живой

Evenki: in- 1

Even: īn- 1

Negidal: īn- 1

Nanai: iŋ-kĩ 2

Oroch: ini 2

Udighe: inigi 2

Solon: inirge- 'to revive'

Comments: ТМС 1, 315.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *nūi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: world, generation

Russian meaning: мир, поколение

Middle Korean: nūi

Comments: Nam 116.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ìnǝ̀-tí

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: life

Russian meaning: жизнь

Old Japanese: inoti

Middle Japanese: ìnòtí

Tokyo: ínochi

Kyoto: ìnóchì

Kagoshima: ìnóchì

Comments: JLTT 425. The word is obviously an old compound with *-tí 'spirit; blood'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 681

Proto: *ońV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: tame, unbashful (animal)

German meaning: zahm, nicht scheu (Tier)

Saam (Lapp): vuodnjo- (Friis) 'leniorem, placidiorem fieri', vuonjâs -dnj- (N) 'tame, not shy, not afraid (of birds and girls)', vù͕^.ò͕ńä̮s (S), vuo̯ńα̑s (Ko. P) 'zahm'

Khanty (Ostyak): åni̮ (Trj.) 'nicht scheu (einige Entenarten und Waldvögel)'

Nenets (Yurak): ŋij (O) 'zahm, nicht scheu'

Selkup: îînjeka (Ta.), îînje (Kar.) 'ruhig'

Janhunen's version: (75) *i6n'i6

Sammalahti's version: *i6n'i6

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *in-

Meaning : 1 to belch 2 to sigh

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Telugu : *iŋk-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *in-k-

Proto-North Dravidian : *in-G-

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *iŋk-

Meaning : a sigh

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : iŋkuva

Number in DED : 419

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *in-k-

Meaning : belch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *ink-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *ink-

Meaning : belch

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Maria Gondi : inka "a belch"

Maria Gondi (Smith) : inkawata "hiccough"

Number in DED : 419

Number in CVOTGD : 171

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *in-G-

Meaning : to cough

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : iū̃khnā

Malto : inqe

Additional forms : Also MLT inqrēse to force phlegm from the throat, hawk; inq-pūce hiccough.

Number in DED : 419

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *uŋ-uma-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: alive, heart

Russian meaning: живой, сердце

Proto-Yupik: *uŋuva- (-nt), *uŋuŋ-si-

Proto-Inupik: *uuma- (-ru-), *uumma-nt

Comments: The word 'heart' is a verbal noun with an instrumental suffix. The verb is formed with the perfective verbal affix *-(u)ma.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 144

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *uŋuva- (-nt), *uŋuŋ-si-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: alive 1, heart 2, (land) animal 3

Russian Meaning: живой 1, сердце 2, животное, зверь 3

Sirenik: uŋǝ́vaχ 1, uŋǝ́vatā́ 2

Chaplino: uŋúvalʁi (t) 1

Naukan: uŋúvan, //umuva- [Av.] 1

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: uŋuva- 1

Koniag (AAY): uŋu(w)an 2, AP uŋuŋsiq 3

Central Alaskan Yupik: uŋuva- 1, uŋuŋsiq 3 (esp. bear)

CAY Dialects: LI, NR, BB uŋuvan 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): uŋūɣạn*, uŋuvan 2

Norton Sound (Peripheral): uŋuvan 2

PAME: *ūmat 'heart'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 376

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *uuma- (-ru-), *ụụmmą-nt

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: alive 1, heart 2, animal 3

Russian meaning: живой 1, сердце 2, животное 3

Seward Peninsula Inupik: ūma- 1, ūman 2, ūmaruaq 3

SPI Dialects: Imaq úmarōq 1, úman 2, W ūmąn* (atik, atit) 2

North Alaskan Inupik: ūma- 1, ūmman 2

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl ūman* 2

Western Canadian Inupik: ūma- 1, ūmman 2

WCI Dialects: Cor, M ūman* 2

Eastern Canadian Inupik: ūma- 1, ūmmati 2, ūmajuq 3

Greenlandic Inupik: ūma- 1, ūmmat (ûmat*) 2, ūmašuq 3

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 377

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'untǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): отдыхать; спокойный

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *untǝm-

Proto-Itelmen: *'unxtǝ- (~ *'o-)

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *untǝm-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): спокойный, смирный, тихий (неторопливый) 1, печальный 2, с толком 3

Chukchee: úntǝm- 1, 2, n-úntǝm-ɛw 3

Koryak: untǝm-

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'unxtǝ- (~ *'o-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): отдыхать

West Itelmen: 'ońxt-ǝz

West Itelmen meaning: quiescere

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): odpoczywać

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *hVm

Meaning: blood

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ha:m (cf. also *hǝ:m 'heart; breathe')

Austroasiatic meaning: blood

Munda parallels: Kar eńam

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *ncha:m.B

References: Ja 68, Peiros 1998, 159.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ha:m

Meaning: blood

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: Cǝ-

Proto-Katuic: *ha:m

Proto-Bahnaric: *ha:m

Khmer: ʒha:m

Proto-Pearic: *ha:m.N

Proto-Vietic: *sa:mʔ

Proto-Monic: *him V?

Proto-Palaungic: *ha:m

Proto-Khmu: *ma:m

Khasi: sna:m

Proto-Aslian: *mahV:m

References: Kh 758, 802; VHL 303; S-116

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ha:m

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:m

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:m

References: P-102; TK5.62

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:m

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: ʔǝ- / ʔǝN-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ʔaha:m

Bru Van Keu meaning: blood

So: ʔaha:m.N

So meaning: blood

Bru: ʔǝha:m.N

Bru meaning: to bleed

Sou: ʔaha:m

Kui: ŋha:m.N

Kui meaning: blood

Kuay: ŋha:m.N

Kuay meaning: blood

Ngeu: ha:m.N

Ngeu meaning: blood

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:m

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: ʔǝ-/hǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔǝha:m

Pakoh meaning: blood

Taojh: aha:m

Taojh meaning: blood (PT-171)

Lao Katu: ʔaha:m

Lao Katu meaning: blood

Ngeq: ha:m

Ngeq meaning: blood

Kri: ha:m

Chatong: ha:m

Kantu dialects: ha:m

Triw: kaha:m

Dakkan dialects (1): kaha:m

Dakkan dialects (2): kǝha:m

Dakkan meaning: blood

Katu dialects (1): ʔaha:m

Katu dialects (2): ʔaha:m

Katu dialects (3): aha:m

Katu meaning: blood

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ha:m

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: Cǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: pha:m

Bahnar meaning: blood

Proto-North Bahnaric: *ha:m.T, mǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ha:m, Nǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ha:m, pǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ha:m, hǝ-

Harak: baha:m ? < W

References: PNB-37, SBS-61, JS-71, TB6.15

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ha:m.T, mǝ-

Meaning: blood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: mǝha:m.T

Rengao meaning: blood

Jeh form: pha:m.T < ? BAH

Jeh meaning: blood

Sedang form: mǝheam.T

Sedang meaning: blood

Hre form: mǝhim.T

Hre meaning: blood

Mo'dra: mǝha:m.T

Didra: mǝhiam.T

References: PNB-37, GS-97

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ha:m, Nǝ-

Meaning: blood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: nha:m

Chrau meaning: blood

Stieng form: mha:m

Stieng meaning: blood

References: SBS-61

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ha:m, pǝ-

Meaning: blood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: pha:m

Jaru meaning: blood

Lavi: piha:m

Juk: baha:m P?

Nhaheung form: pha:m

Nhaheung meaning: blood

Brao form: pha:m

Brao meaning: blood

References: JS-71

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ha:m, hǝ-

Meaning: blood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ha:m

Kaseng: ʔǝha:m

Yaeh: ha:m

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *ha:m, Hǝ-

Meaning: blood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: baha:m ? < W

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ʒha:m

Meaning: blood

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Comments: JP derive the word from *ha:m to bleed

References: JP377

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *ha:m.N

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: mǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: mǝha:m.A

Chong meaning: blood

Song: mǝha:m.A

Song meaning: blood

Kasong: ha:m.B

Kasong meaning: blood

Samre: ha:m.C

Samre meaning: blood

Suoi Kompong: chi:ǝm

References: H-445: *-ha:m

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *sa:mʔ

Meaning: blood

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Tum: sa:m.212

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *him

Meaning: blood

Presyllable: cǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: chiṃ

Old Mon: chim

Nyakur: sim.L

Nyakur meaning: blood

References: N137; S-116

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *ha:m, n-

Meaning: blood

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *nam, s- // *ham, n-

Proto-Plang: *nham

Proto-De'ang: *nha:m

Riang: nam.1

Riang meaning: blood

Proto-Angku: *nha:m

Lamet: na:m.1 blood

Danaw: kǝnAn.4 blood ??

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: blood

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: nham

Paraok meaning: blood

Wa: nam

Wa meaning: blood

Ava: nham

Lawa: nham

Lawa meaning: blood

Um: hnam

Wa (dial.): hnam.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: blood

References: D-145: *hnam

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *nham

Meaning: blood

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: nham.1

Bulang meaning: blood

Bulang-1: nam.55

Bulang-1 meaning: blood

Konto: nham.1

Konto meaning: blood

Samtao (Paulsen): nham.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: blood

Samtao (Diffloth): nham.1

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: blood

References: P-136: *nham.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *nha:m

Meaning: blood

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: nha:m

De'ang-1: nha:m

De'ang-2: nha:m.2

Rumai: nham.412

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *nha:m

Meaning: blood

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: nham.51

Shuangdiang: nham.51

Gantang: nam.51 T??

Yongde: nam.51

Mang'an: nham.51

U: nam.2, sa-

Hu: nam.2

Huq: n nam.33

Khamet: na:m.31

Khme: nam.51

References: WW-272; S-117

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *mahV:m

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: blood

Semelai: maham

Semoq Beri: maham (B)

Kensiw: mǝhɨm

Jah-Hut: nihim

Semai: bhi:pm

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 1112391 6511486	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov