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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1452
Character: 猶
MC description : 流開三平尤以
ZIHUI: 3730 1616
Beijing: iou 12
Jinan: iou 12
Xi'an: iou 12
Taiyuan: iou 1
Hankou: iou 12
Chengdu: iǝu 12
Yangzhou: iôɨ 12
Suzhou: iöy 12
Wenzhou: ɦiau 12
Changsha: iôu 12
Shuangfeng: iû 12
Nanchang: iu 31
Meixian: jiu 12
Guangzhou: jau 12
Xiamen: iu 12
Chaozhou: iu 12
Fuzhou: ieu 12
Shanghai: iɨ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: iou 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 猶
Modern (Beijing) reading: yóu
Preclassic Old Chinese: lu
Classic Old Chinese: lu
Western Han Chinese: lǝw
Eastern Han Chinese: źǝw
Early Postclassic Chinese: źiw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jiw
Late Postclassic Chinese: jiw
Middle Chinese: jǝw
English meaning : be like, equal
Comments: Also used for *lu 'plan' (also written as 猷), which may be the same word ('planning' as 'levelling, equalling'?), and adverbially as 'still, yet' (also probably the same word < *'likewise'). In Shi 196 Schüssler takes 猶 as a loan for 由 (*Łu) which is rather unlikely. The original usage of the graph must have been for a homonymous *lu 'a k. of monkey', but this is attested only since Han.
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Karlgren code: 1096 r-s
Shijing occurrences: 21.2_, 58.3
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ljɨw (-k)
Meaning: alike, similar, fit
Burmese: ljaw to suit, agree with, be proper; ljauk be fitting, corresponding; lu 'to be similar'
Kachin: (H) khjo be alike.
Lushai: hlauʔ the exact likeness of.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=á̆[r]ʎwĂ
Meaning: smooth, even
Comments and references : HGC 38, DCE 31. PST *ljɨw `alike, similar, fit' may be a variant of the same root. [Cf. PU *wäĺV 'even']. sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ă[r]ʎ_wĂ
Meaning: straight; even, equal
Proto-West Caucasian: *ʎʷa Notes: A common NC root with fairly good phonetic and semantic correspondences. PN and PL have forms with dental prefixes (aspectual? - cf. also the durative Ablaut grade *-i- in PL); other languages have only prefixed class markers. As for the phonetic side, there are some problems with the medial resonant (perhaps we should reconstruct *-l-, not *-r-, to account for its loss in PL), and with the Dargwa reflex: we should expect lax *-x- in PD. Violation of the phonetic rule (*ʎw > PD *x(ʷ) in tense words) may have been caused by early delabialisation (cf. an analogous delabialisation in PL). In some languages the root may have been influenced by PEC *-ăƛ_wVn 'to resemble, be similar' (or even merged with it), but the two roots certainly are to be kept separate.
The earliest form of the root could have been *ʎ_wVrĂ - this is suggested by the probable Hurr. match šir- 'to be equal, alike' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 49). The shape **=ă[r]ʎ_wĂ must have been a result of adding prefixes (*=a-ʎ_wVrĂ > *=a-ʎ_wrĂ > *=arʎ_wĂ).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *t-arʎe-n
Meaning: similar, equal
Chechen: tera
Ingush: tara
Batsbi: tarʎe-nŏ
Comments: The pure stem *t-arʎ- can be seen in Chech. tar-dan 'to place, to fit', Bacb. tarʎ-dar 'to compare', tarʎ-dal- 'to be similar'.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *-eʎ:-
Meaning: smooth, even
Gunzib: reʎe-ru
Comments: Attested only in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =ax=a-
Meaning: suitable, fit (for a size, measure)
Lak form: =ax=a-s:a
Comments: -x- in the Lak. form is always followed by a class marker, so it is impossible to establish whether it is morphonologically tense or lax.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=arx:-
Meaning: straight; right, correct
Akusha: =arx-si
Chiragh: =arx:-ze
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *t:-iʎ:ä-
Meaning: straight, even
Tabasaran: diši
Agul: dixe-f (Burk.)
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. diš:i, Ag. (Khaid.) dix:e-f.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʎʷa
Meaning: straight, even
Abkhaz: a-jáša
Abaza: ra-jša
Adyghe: zā-fa
Kabardian: zā-xʷa
Ubykh: sʷa-x
Comments: PAT *jV-ša (with a pronominal or reciprocal prefix); PAK *za-xʷá (on the etymology of the first part see Shagirov 1, 204). The correspondence PAT *š : PAK *xʷ : Ub. sʷ points unambiguously to PWC *ʎʷ. Cf. also PAK *xʷá-da (Ad. fad, Kab. xʷada) 'similar, equal' (despite Dumézil 1932, 92; 1963, 14-15; Kuipers 1960, 113; Shagirov 2, 106 PAK *xʷa- here can hardly be analyzed as a version prefix; the semantic correlation 'straight' - 'similar, equal' is quite natural).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuʔuĺ (~x-,-χ-)
Meaning: even, smooth
Ket: u:ĺ3
Yug: u:ĺ3
Kottish: ūlam
Comments: ССЕ 199. Werner 2, 377 <*úɣǝl>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ltú-r-
Meaning: 1 to imitate 2 similar
Yasin: -ltúlum 2
Hunza: -ltúr 1
Nagar: -ltúr 1
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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