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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 184
Character: 正
MC description : A: 梗開三平清章; B: 梗開三去勁章
ZIHUI: A: 2973 2461; B: 2973 2466
Beijing: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3
Jinan: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3
Xi'an: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3
Taiyuan: A: cǝŋ 1; B: cǝŋ 3
Hankou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3
Chengdu: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3
Yangzhou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3
Suzhou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 31
Wenzhou: A: ceŋ 11; B: ceŋ 31
Changsha: A: c̣ǝn 11; B: c̣ǝn 31
Shuangfeng: A: ćin 11; B: ćin 31
Nanchang: A: caŋ 11; B: cǝn 31
Meixian: A: cǝn 11 (lit.); caŋ 11; B: cǝn 3
Guangzhou: A: čîŋ 11; B: čîŋ 31
Xiamen: A: cîŋ 12 (lit.); ciã 11; B: cîŋ 31 (lit.); ciã 31
Chaozhou: A: ciã 11; B: ciã 31
Fuzhou: A: ciŋ 11 (lit.); ciŋ 11; B: ceiŋ 31 (lit.); ciaŋ 31
Shanghai: A: cǝŋ 1; B: cǝŋ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: čiǝŋ 1; B: čiǝŋ 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 正
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhèng
Preclassic Old Chinese: teŋs
Classic Old Chinese: teŋh
Western Han Chinese: teŋh
Eastern Han Chinese: ćeŋh
Early Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ
Middle Chinese: ćèŋ
English meaning : to be straight, correct; govern; determine
Comments: Also read *teŋ, MC ćeŋ, Mand. zhēng 'center of target; first (month)' ( = Viet. chiếng, although the Viet. tone corresponds rather to MC ćèŋ). Viet. chiếng is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is chính. A loan from another dialectal source is probably Viet. giêng 'the first month of the lunar year'.
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Karlgren code: 0833 j-n
Vietnamese reading: chiếng
Jianchuan Bai: ?tuĩ4
Dali Bai: cer3, ?tui5
Bijiang Bai: ?te4, tui4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[dh]ĕŋ
Meaning: straight
Tibetan: draŋ straight.
Burmese: tańʔ be straightward, direct from one point to another.
Kachin: diŋ1 be straight, rectilinear.
Lushai: diŋ right, right-handed (cf. also dīŋ go straight or direct, as arrow).
Lepcha: diŋ 1 to be erect, to be high, to be perpendicular; the highest point or degree 2 to stand, to remain, to exist
Comments: Simon 15; Luce 62.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ī́[ṭ]V ( ~ -ē-)
Meaning: straight
Comments and references : HGC 39. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=īṭV ( ~ -ē-)
Meaning: straight
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=ēṭu-n
Meaning: flat
Chechen: =ȫda
Ingush: =eda
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iṭ-
Meaning: 1 straight 2 right, correct
Avar: =íṭ-ara= 1
Chadakolob: bíṭa-ra= 1
Andian language: =iṭi 2
Akhvakh: =iṭa-da 1
Chamalal: =iṭi-dda 1
Tindi: =iṭ-iju= 1
Karata: =iṭo= 1
Comments: The stem is actually verbal, cf. Av. =iṭ- 'to straighten, become straight', and forms meaning 'straight' or 'correct' are participial or deverbal. Cf. also Kar. Tok. =iṭu-bal, Tind. =iṭu- 'right (of direction)', Tind. =iṭiʁ- 'to stand upright' (a compound with -iʁ- 'to stand'). Av. > Bezht. biṭarab, Inkh. biṭṭura-.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *kʷeṭV-
Meaning: right (direct.)
Tsezi: kuṭ-jo-s
Ginukh: kʷeṭe-s
Inkhokvari: ḳʷeṭa-be
Bezhta: ḳeṭa-ƛ̣as (Khosh.)
Gunzib: ḳeṭā-s
Comments: PTsKh *kʷeṭV-; PGB *ḳeṭa- (with locative suffixes). In PGB and Inkh. there occurred an assimilation (kʷ- > ḳʷ-). The stem is historically a compound of *kʷV- (oblique base of *kʷɨrV 'hand') + *-(i)ṭV- 'straight, right'.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: ṭaj-la-
Meaning: straight
Lak form: ṭajla-s:a
Comments: Khosr. ṭajla-s:a id.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *(ʔi)ṭV- / *ṭVṭV-
Meaning: 1 right 2 vertical, even
Kryz: ṭä-b 1
Udi: t:ot:o-z 2
Comment: Udi reflects a reduplicated stem (typical for many adjectival roots).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-krz,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *tat-
Meaning: straight, direct
Ket: tatǝŋ5; Kur. tāt / tātkǝ1 "to the right"
Yug: tatɨŋ5; tatɨlɨŋ "to the right"
Kottish: that- in thatā d́ēginaŋ, thateŋ ātha, thāt-ōgan "to pass over, lead through"
Arin: tedenga (Лоск.) "directly"
Comments: ССЕ 281. Cf. also *tet- 'across' (these two stems may be historically related). Werner 2, 245 *thath-.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVTV
Meaning : straight
Notes : PAN *keteŋ, *geteŋ 'stand straight' must be < ST.
globet-meaning,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-notes,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiyaʔ-/*tiyaw-
Meaning: be right, true
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-ech,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: tyw (ME)
Meaning: 'true'
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *tyaH-
Meaning: 'right (adj.)'
Kariya: atéy [SkNb]
Miya: teʔé [SkNb]
Mburku: têhú [SkNb]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-kry,wchet-miy,wchet-mbu,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *tiyaw-
Meaning: 'right' (adj.)
Migama: tíyā̀wá [JMig]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-mig,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *tVj
Meaning: (right) hand
Proto-Austroasiatic: *tǝj Austroasiatic meaning: hand
Munda parallels: Khr tig
Miao-Yao parallels: *P-teB hand
Proto-Austronesian: *qatai
Austronesian meaning: side of canoe opposite the outrigger; right hand
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-mun,austr-myao,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tǝj
Meaning: hand
Proto-Khmu: *tiʔ
Khasi: kti
References: Kh 714; VHL 75; S-163
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-pear,aaet-vim,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,aaet-khasi,aaet-asli,aaet-bib,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *tǝj
Meaning: hand, arm
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
References: P-985; TK5.55
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *tǝj
Meaning: hand, arm
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
Bru Van Keu: ʔati.T
Bru Van Keu meaning: hand
So: ʔati.B R?
So meaning: hand
Bru: ʔǝtʌj.N
Bru meaning: hand
Kui: ʔǝte:.N
Kui meaning: hand
Kuay: tʌj.N
Kuay meaning: hand
Ngeu: ti:.N
Ngeu meaning: hand
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,wkatet-kuay,wkatet-kuayme,wkatet-ngeu,wkatet-nyeume,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *t[ǝj]
Meaning: hand, arm
Presyllable: ʔǝ- / #
Pakoh: ʔǝti:
Pakoh meaning: hand
Taojh: atǝj.L
Taojh meaning: hand, arm (PT-198)
Lao Katu: tǝj
Lao Katu meaning: hand
Ngeq: tej, tǝj
Ngeq meaning: hand
Kri: ti:
Chatong: ti:
Kantu dialects: ti:
Triw: ti:
Dakkan dialects (1): ti:
Dakkan dialects (2): ti:
Dakkan meaning: hand, arm
Katu dialects (1): tʌj
Katu dialects (2): tʌj
Katu dialects (3): taj
Katu meaning: hand
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-tao,ekatet-taome,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkl,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,ekatet-and,ekatet-hka,ekatet-hkv,ekatet-katme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *ti
Meaning: hand
Presyllable: #
Bahnar: ti:
Bahnar meaning: hand, arm
Proto-North Bahnaric: *ti.L Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ti References: PNB-513, JS-813, TB5.49
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-har,banet-refer,
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North Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ti.L
Meaning: hand
Rengao form: ti.L
Rengao meaning: hand, arm
Jeh form: ti.L
Jeh meaning: hand, arm
Sedang form: taj.L
Sedang meaning: hand, arm (Sedang-Rengao)
Hre form: ti.L
Hre meaning: hand
References: PNB-513
nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-ren,nobet-renme,nobet-jeh,nobet-jehme,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-hre,nobet-hreme,nobet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti
Meaning: hand, arm
Chrau form: ti:
Chrau meaning: hand, arm
Stieng form: ti:
Stieng meaning: hand, arm
References: SBS-269
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ti
Meaning: hand
Jaru form: tɛj, ti:
Jaru meaning: hand, arm
Lavi: tej
Juk: ti:
Nhaheung form: ti:
Nhaheung meaning: hand, arm
Brao form: ti:
Brao meaning: hand, arm
References: JS-813
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-jrme,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-nha,webet-nhame,webet-brao,webet-brame,webet-refer,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ti
Meaning: hand, arm
Tariang: ti:
Kaseng: ti:
Yaeh: ti:
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-yh,
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Harak etymology :
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Proto-Harak: *ti
Meaning: hand, arm
Harak: ti:
haret-meaning,haret-prnum,haret-hr,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: ṭe:
Old Khmer: taj
Old Khmer Meaning: hand, arm
References: P220
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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Pearic etymology :
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Proto-Pearic: *ti.N
Meaning: hand
Presyllable: #
Chong: ti:.A
Chong meaning: hand
Song: ti:.A
Song meaning: hand
Kasong: ti:.A
Kasong meaning: hand
Samre: ti:.A
Samre meaning: hand
Suoi Kompong: daj
pearet-meaning,pearet-prpr,pearet-prnum,pearet-chng,pearet-chngme,pearet-song,pearet-songme,pearet-kas,pearet-kasme,pearet-smr,pearet-smrme,pearet-skm,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *sVj
Meaning: hand
Vietnamese: tay
Thomon: sai.4
Tum: sǝj.45
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-thm,vimet-tum,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *tǝj
Meaning: hand
Presyllable: #
Modern Mon: taj
Old Mon: tej
Middle Mon: taj
Nyakur: tɛj.L
Nyakur meaning: hand
References: N148; S-163
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-om,monet-mm,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *lVʔ, *lV
Meaning: louse
Lamet: plɛʔ.2, m- body louse LmB
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-pran,pawaet-lamet,
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Angku etymology :
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Proto-Angku: *bli:, N-; *li(j),
Meaning: body louse
Pangpin: bli.51
Gantang: pli.51
Mang'an: mpri.51
U: mli.2
References: WW-150; S-110
pranet-meaning,pranet-prnum,pranet-phu,pranet-ph2,pranet-mnn,pranet-u,pranet-bib,
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Aslian etymology :
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Proto-Aslian: *ti:(ŋ)
Meaning: hand
Semelai: thi
Semoq Beri: ti
Jah-Hut: tiŋ
Temiar: ti:k
Notes: Diffloth believs that SEMAI tǝkŋ is a borrowing (p.c.)
asliet-prnum,asliet-meaning,asliet-sml,asliet-ber,asliet-jah,asliet-tmi,asliet-note,
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