Chinese Dialects : List with all references

Number: 236

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 匠

MC description : 宕開三去漾從

ZIHUI: 0561 2334

Beijing: ćiaŋ 3

Jinan: ćiaŋ 3

Xi'an: ćiaŋ 3

Taiyuan: ćia_̃ 3

Hankou: ćiaŋ 3

Chengdu: ćiaŋ 3

Yangzhou: ćiâŋ 3

Suzhou: ziaŋ 32

Wenzhou: ɦi 12

Changsha: cian 32

Shuangfeng: ʒ́iaŋ 32

Nanchang: chiɔŋ 32

Meixian: chiɔŋ 3

Guangzhou: čö_ŋ 32

Xiamen: ciɔŋ 32 (lit.); chiũ 32

Chaozhou: chiẽ 22

Fuzhou: chuɔŋ 32

Shanghai: ziã 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ciaŋ 3

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

Chinese characters :

Character: 匠

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiàng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒhaŋs (~ ʒ́-)

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhaŋh

Western Han Chinese: ʒhaŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhjaŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjàŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjàŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjàŋ

Middle Chinese: ʒjàŋ

English meaning : carpenter, master, skilful [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мастер; мастеровой, ремесленник; 2) окончание слов, означающих разные ремесленные специальности; 3) навык, ловкость, уменье, мастерство

Comments: For aspiration cf. Min forms: Xiamen chĩũ⁶, Chaozhou chĩẽ⁶, Fuzhou chioŋ⁵.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 22

Four-angle index: 793

Karlgren code: 0729 a

Jianchuan Bai: -ćõ2

Dali Bai: -ćo3

Bijiang Bai: -ća4

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́h[a]ŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skilful, artful

Chinese: 匠 *ʒhaŋs ( ~ ʒ́h-) artisan, skilful.

Tibetan: gćaŋ clever, lively, sprightly.

Burmese: ćhaŋ make, construct, adorn; to judge.

Lushai: fiŋ (fin) be wise, clever; be artfull, cunning.

Comments: Luce 72.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ī́lč̣wEŋ

Meaning: to count, think

North Caucasian: *=īč̣_wĒl ( ~ =īlč̣_wĒn)

Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́h[a]ŋ

Yenisseian: *ʔi(ʔ)ǯVŋ (~x-)

Burushaski: *ʒ́oŋ

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=īč̣_wĒl

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to count; to understand

Proto-Nakh: *=ēš-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=ic̣:Vn- / *=ič̣:Vn-

Proto-Lak: =u=č̣i-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ilč̣Vn / =uč̣-

Proto-West Caucasian: *p-č́:ʷǝ

Notes: The EC-WC comparison belongs to Shagirov (1,87) and seems quite probable.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=ēš-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to read 2 to learn, study 3 to obey, be obedient

Chechen: =ēš- 1,2

Ingush: =eš- 1

Batsbi: =eš- 3

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=ic̣:Vn- / *=ič̣:Vn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to understand 2 to count

Avar: =ič̣:- 1

Chadakolob: =ic̣- 1

Andian language: =ič̣:Vn- 1

Chamalal: =aṣṼ- 2

Tindi: =ic:ĩ- 2

Karata: =ic̣:Vn- 2

Botlikh: =ic̣:Vn- 2

Godoberi: =ic:Vn- 2

Comments: The root reveals a variation between *c̣: and *č̣: (typical for reflexes of *č̣w in tense words). The Av. verb was borrowed in Cham. (b-ič̣ī-la 'to understand') and Bezht. (Tlad. bič̣č̣i aq-, Khosh. bič̣i aq-).

It is probable that the common Av.-And. stem *c̣:al- ( ~ -o-) "to read" is actually stem II of the same root: cf. Av. c̣:al- (Chad. c̣al-), Cham. ṣal-id- (Gig. c̣al-id-), Tind. c:al-ij-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =u=č̣i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to understand

Lak form: =u=č̣i-n

Comments: G. pr. =u=č̣u-nu. Cf. Khosr. =u=č̣i-n id. The same root is most probably reflected in the durative stem č̣ala-n 'to see' (with Anlaut reduction, opposed to the reductionless durative =uč̣la-n 'to understand').

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=ilč̣Vn / =uč̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to read

Akusha: =uč̣-es

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ilč̣Vn- / =uč̣- id.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *p-č́:ʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to count

Adyghe: pčǝ-n

Kabardian: bžǝ-n

Comments: PAK *pč:ǝ- (presupposing PWC *-č́:ʷ- or *-ƛ́:ʷ-).

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔiǯVŋ (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: writing, ornament

Ket: īŕeŋ¹ 'writing'; īŕiŋ¹ (Bak., Sur. īdiŋ¹) "beautiful" ("written"); iŕiŋ-bet⁶ (Bak., Sur. idiŋ-bet⁶) "to write, literate"

Yug: id́iŋej⁵, pl. id́iŋ⁵ ɛŋńiŋ⁵ 'writing'; id́iŋ⁵ "beautiful"; id́iŋ-bet⁶ "to write"

Kottish: eaŋōx "writing"; eaŋōjaŋ "to write", praet. eaŋōlajaŋ, imp. eaŋālče, pass. eaŋōlāgi; Ass. (М., Сл., Кл.) eŋuigen "to write"

Comments: ССЕ 195. Werner 1, 395 *id'ǝŋ (also faultily connecting *ʔit- 'hack, notch' q.v.). Werner (1, 260) separates Kott. eaŋōx and traces it back to PY *ʔeŋ- 'scratch' q.v. (with a reconstruction *eʔŋ-ǝq / *eʔŋ-ǝk); however, the development *-ǯ- > Kott. -j- (-0-) is quite regular, and the similarity of Kottish forms meaning 'scratch, dig' and 'write' appears to be secondary, due to phonetic convergence.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ʒ́oŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: clever

Yasin: ʒ́oŋ

Hunza: ʒ́on

Nagar: ʒ́on

Comments: ?T. 5191 [Skt. jānánt- `knowing', Pk. jāṇa-??]