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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 2370
Character: 翻
MC description : 山合三平元敷
ZIHUI: 5064 1649
Beijing: fan 11
Jinan: fã 11
Xi'an: fã 11
Taiyuan: fä̃ 1
Hankou: fan 11
Chengdu: fan 11
Yangzhou: fɛ̃ 11
Suzhou: fe_ 11
Wenzhou: fa 11
Changsha: fan 11
Shuangfeng: xuã 11
Nanchang: фuan 11
Meixian: fan 11
Guangzhou: fān 11
Xiamen: huan 11
Chaozhou: hueŋ 11
Fuzhou: xuaŋ 11
Shanghai: fe_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: fan 1
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 翻
Modern (Beijing) reading: fān
Preclassic Old Chinese: phar
Classic Old Chinese: phan
Western Han Chinese: phan
Eastern Han Chinese: phwan
Early Postclassic Chinese: phwan
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwǝn
Late Postclassic Chinese: phwǝn
Middle Chinese: phwǝn
English meaning : to fly
Russian meaning[s]: 1) порхать; кувыркаться, перевертываться; 2) перевертывать, опрокидывать; перелистывать; закатывать (глаза); 3) переводить; расшифровывать; 4) перелицовывать; обновлять(ся); 5) счетный суффикс для явлений природы
Radical: 124
Four-angle index: 3314
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phjV̆r
Meaning: fly
Tibetan: ãbjer (p., i. bjer) to disperse in flight, to flee in different directions.
Kachin: pjen1 to fly.
Comments: PG *pjurL to fly; BG: Dimasa bur, Garo bil, Bodo bir to fly; Miri ber; Bahing byer; Trung biel. Cf. *b(h)ŭr : perhaps one root with expressive changes.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kach,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *bhèr
Meaning: fly
Sunwar: ber-ca
Kaling: bhernä (bheru)
Comments: Toba 90 *pre-.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: pɛ:maʔ, -pɛ:r-/-pɛ:-
Grammar: vi.
Meaning: fly
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: byernɨ
Grammar: vi-3 byir-byer
Meaning: fly
Nepali: uḍnu.
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: perma
Grammar: vi-1 [1: per-]
Meaning: fly
Nepali: uḍnu.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: pe:ma
Stem: <pe:s- ; pe:->
Grammar: v.intr.
Meaning: to fly
Comments: pe:bukma to fly away.
Nepali: uḍnu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,yamet-nepali,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pɨ́rV
Meaning: to fly
Comments and references : Bur. has pr- instead of phr- because of aspiration neutralization within a cluster. In ST cf. also cf. also *Pŭr (~-ɨ̆r) 419. HGC 19, NSC 61 *pUrV, WFR 1. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *pɨrV
Meaning: to fly, flight
Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝrǝ Notes: An expressive root; however, there are no doubts in its NC antiquity (see Trubetzkoy 1930, 279). The Av. form has been borrowed into Lak. (parχ učin 'take wing') and Darg. (parχ-buqi arces id.), possibly also into Arch. (parχ-bos).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *par-pV- / *par-χ:V-
Meaning: flutter 1 fly, fly up
Avar: pár-
Comments: The Av. root is present in forms: pár-p-ad-ize 'to flutter,fly', pár-χ:-ine 'to fly, fly up' (the first is probably reduplicated, the second contains an expressive suffix).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *par- ( ~ -ɔ-)
Meaning: to wave, sway, heave
Bezhta: par-ƛ- (Tlad.)
Comments: Attested only in Bezht. (cf. also Khosh. par-ƛ- id.), but having probable external parallels.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *pVr-
Meaning: 1 fly 2 take wing
Lezghian: purr avun 2
Tabasaran: purr aṗub 2
Budukh: pɨr pɨr siʔi
Archi: parχ bos 1
Udi: pur pesun 1
Comment: An expressive root, but obviously very archaic. Most Lezghian forms point to PL *pur or *por; the Arch. form parχ may have been influenced by Avar. parχ:ine.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝrǝ
Meaning: fly (v.)
Abkhaz: a-pǝ́r-ra
Abaza: pǝr-ra (Ashkh.)
Ubykh: pǝr-
Comments: PAT *pǝrǝ; Ub. 1 p. sǝ-pǝ́rǝ-n.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *pVrík
Meaning: to hop, jump, leap
Yasin: prik dél-
Hunza: prik dél-
Nagar: prik dél-
Comments: Sh. prik d-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : PVRV
Meaning : fly
Austric : Formosan *(maq)baR 'fly'
Reference : МССНЯ 346; GE 38 *par (+ NC, NS, ?IP, Nahali; most Austric not here). globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṗarV
Meaning: fly
Uralic: ? Khant. pɔr- / pur- 'летать'
References: МССНЯ 346. ND 1759 *ṗarV 'fly, jump' (with dub. Alt. (TM) and incorrect Drav. *pād_-); 1785a *ṗar(y)V 'to run, flee' (Drav. + Georg. 'escape'); 1786 *[ṗ]ur(y)V 'wing, feathers' (IE + Georg. prte + Drav. pūr- + Alt.). At this point there seems to be not enough evidence to distinguish these three roots (other than Drav. and perhaps TM). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *(s)per- (Arm-Gr pt-)
Meaning: wing, feather
Hittite: partawar n. (r/n) 'Flügel, Schwinge' (Friedrich 164)
Tokharian: B paruwa pl. 'feathers' (Adams 358)
Old Indian: parṇá- n. `pinion, feather, wing'
Avestan: parǝna- 'Feder, Flügel'
Armenian: thir `Flug'
Old Greek: pteró-n n. `Feder, Flügel, Fittich'; ptérük-s, -ügos f. `Flügel'
Russ. meaning: перо, крыло
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: перо́,
Near etymology: укр. перо́, др.-русск., цслав. перо, болг. перо́ (Младенов 418), сербохорв. пѐро, словен. рẹ́rо, -а; реrо̣̑, -е̑sа, чеш. реrо, рérо, слвц. реrо, польск. pióro, в.-луж. рjеrо, н.-луж. р́еrо.
Further etymology: Родственно лит. sраr̃nаs "крыло, сень (перен.)", лтш. spā̀rns -- то же, др.-инд. parṇám "крыло, перо, сень", авест. раrǝnа- "перо", д.-в.-н. farn "папоротник". Далее связано с пере́ть, пари́ть (Мейе, Ét. 238; RЕS 5, 10; М.--Э. 3, 987; Кречмер, KZ 31, 427). Менее вероятно сравнение с греч. πτερόν "перо крыла", πέτομαι "лечу", др.-инд. pátram, páttram "крыло, перо", д.-в.-н. fedara "перо", вопреки И. Шмидту (Pluralb. 173), Педерсену (Kelt. Gr. I, 90); см. Траутман, ВSW 217; Мейе, там же; Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 158.
Trubachev's comments: [См. специально Бенвенист, BSL, 51, 1955, стр. 36. -- Т.]
Pages: 3,243
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-trubachev,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *spar̃-n-a- c., -ā̂ f.
Meaning: wing
Lithuanian: spar̃na-s `Flügel (eines Vögels und allgemein, z. B. der Tür), Schaufel, Blatt', dial. pl. sparnaĩ `Schere am Spinnrad, an beiden Armen der Spulen'
Lettish: spā̀rns, spārna `Flügel, Fittich'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1486
Root: per-2: B. per-, perǝ-
English meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, fare
German meaning: `hinüberführen oder -bringen oder -kommen, übersetzen, durchdringen, fliegen'
General comments: nicht sicher von per 2: C. zu trennen
Derivatives: poro-s `Zugang', por-mo-s `Fähre', per-tu-s, por-tu-s `Zugang';
Material: Ai. píparti `führt hinüber, geleitet, fördert, übertrifft', Kausat. pāráyati `setzt über' (= pālayati `schützt'), av. par- (mit Präfixen) `hindurch-, hinübergehen', Kaus. -pārayeité, ai. pāra- `hinüberbringend, übersetzend', m. n. `jenseitiges Ufer, Ziel, äußerste Grenze' (dazu pārya- `wirksam'), av. pāra- m. `Ufer; Grenze, Ende'; arm. hord `begangen, betreten', hordan `fortgehen', hordantam `lasse fortgehen', und heriun `Pfrieme'; thrak. πόρος, -παρα in Ortsnamen = gr. πόρος `Furt';
gr. περάω `dringe durch', πείρω (πεπαρμένος) `durchdringe, durchbohre' (= ksl. na-perjǫ), διαμ-περής `durchbohrend', περόνη `Spitze, Stachel, Spange'; πόρος `Durchgang, Zugang, Übergang, Furt; Ausweg; Pl. Einkünfte', hom. πορει̃ν `verschaffen', Aor. ἔπορον; πέπρωται `ist, war vom Schicksal bestimmt' (*pr̥̄-), πορεύω `führe, verschaffe', Med. `reise', πορίζω `gewähre Durchgang; verschaffe', πορθμός `Überfahrt, Meerenge';
alb. pruva, prura `brachte, führte', sh-poroj `durchbohre, durchsteche' (dis- + *pērā-i̯ō), sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay `ds., durchbreche eine Mauer, breche ein' (dis- + *pērei̯ō), sh-pie `führe hin' (*sem- + *perō); pirr(ë) f. `Dorn' (*per-nā) usw.;
lat. portō, -āre `tragen, führen, fahren, bringen, darbringen', umbr. portatu `portato', portust `portaverit' (*poritō, zu einem Iterativ *porei̯ō);
got. faran, for `wandern, ziehen', farjan `fahren, schiffen', st. V. ahd. ags. faran, aisl. fara `fahren', schw. V. as. ferian, ahd. ferien, ferren, aisl. ferja `fahren, schiffen'(farjan = *porei̯ō); aisl. fǫr f. `Reise, Fahrt', ags. faru f. `Fahrt, Reise, Zug', mhd. var f. `Fahrt, Weg, Art, Weise' (fem. zu gr. πόρος); aisl. farmr, ags. fearm m. `Schiffsladung', ahd.farm `Nachen' (= russ. porom); dehnstuf. Kaus. as. fōrian, ahd. fuoren, nhd. führen, aisl. fø̄ra ds., ags. (als Iter.) fēran `gehn, ziehen' (= av. pāráyati, aksl. pariti); ahd. fuora `Fuhre, Fahrt usw.', ags. fōr f. `Fahrt, Wagen'; aisl. fø̄rr `fahrbar, geeignet', ahd. gi-fuori `passend, bequem, nützlich'; Verbalabstr. aisl. ferð, ags. fierd, ahd. mhd. fart `Fahrt' (*por-ti-);
russ.-ksl. na-perjǫ (= πείρω), -periti `durchbohren'; perǫ, pъrati `fliegen'; Iter. pariti `fliegen, schweben' (= ai. pārayati, germ. *fōrjan); pero `Feder'; russ. poróm, skr. prȁm `Fähre' (= aisl. farmr); vermutlich hierher auch aksl. porjǫ, prati `zerschneiden'; über nhd. Farn usw. s. Nachtrag S. 850.
per-tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pr̥-teus `Durchgang, Furt': av. pǝrǝtu-š m. f. (urar. *pr̥tú-š) und pǝšu-š m. (urar. *pŕ̥tu-š) `Durchgang, Furt, Brücke' (hu-pǝrǝɵwa- `gut zu überschreiten' = `Euphrat'); lat. portus, -ūs `Haustüre' (XII tab.); `Hafen', angi-portus `enge Passage, Nebengäßchen'; daneben ā-St. porta `Stadttor, Tor' = osk. [p]úrtam; illyr. ON Nau-portus; gall. ritu- `Furt' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. rit, ncymr. rhyd, corn. rit `Furt'; ahd. furt, ags. ford `Furt' (hochstufig aisl. fjǫrðr `enger Meerbusen' aus *per-tu-s); daneben f. i-St. im nhd. ON Fürth (*furti-).
Nachtrag zu S. 817:
Zu ksl. pero `Feder' gehören *por-no- `Feder' in ai. parṇá- n. `Feder, Blatt', av. parǝna- n. `Feder, Flügel', as. ahd. farn `Farnkraut' (*Federkraut), ags. fearn m. ds., lit. spar̂nas, lett. spàrns m. `Flügel' (das s- von der Wz. spher-);
*prǝti-s in gall. ratis, mir. raith f. `Farnkraut', bret. rad-enn Kollektiv ds.;
*po-port-i̯o- in lit. papártis, papartỹs `Farnkraut', lett. paparde, paparske ds.; mit Dehnstufe slav. *paparti- f. in russ. páporotь usw. ds.
WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.
References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.
Pages: 816-817
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *p`ore ( ~ -i̯-, -ŕ-)
Meaning: feather, wing
Russian meaning: перо, крыло
Comments: The root is not very widely attested, but seems quite reliable.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *(h)örbelge
Meaning: feather
Russian meaning: перо
Written Mongolian: örbelge, örbülge (L 640) Khalkha: örvölgö
Kalmuck: örwḷgǝ, örwǝlǝg
Ordos: örwölgö
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *purakī
Meaning: 1 wing 2 wing bone 3 feather arista
Russian meaning: 1 крыло 2 кость крыла 3 ость (пера)
Evenki: hurakī 1, 2, 3
Even: hụrịqị 2
Negidal: xọjaxị̄ 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *pǝrǝ
Meaning: falcon's wings; underwing feathers of a bird
Russian meaning: крылья сокола; перья под крыльями
Middle Japanese: foro, foro-fa
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-comments,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *par- / *ṗar-
Russian meaning: летать
English meaning: to fly
Georgian: pr-in-; pr-te 'wing' (also ṗar- 'to escape')
Megrel: pur-in-
Svan: ṗer-
Laz: pur-t-in-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 152, 190, EWK 348-349. В МССНЯ 346 сравнивается с ПИЕ *(s)per-, драв. *parV- / *par_V- и др. < ностр. *ṗarV; аналогичная этимология в Бомхард 1996, 147); ср. также ПСК *pɨrV 'летать'.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *par-
Meaning : to run
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *par-i-
Meaning : to run
Tamil : pari (-v-, -nt-)
Tamil meaning : to run, go out, escape
Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to run, proceed; n. motion, speed, rapidity, pace of a horse, a horse; parippu motion; pariyal going fast
Malayalam : pari
Malayalam meaning : horse
Kannada : pari, hari
Kannada meaning : to run, flow, proceed (as work), go away, disappear, be discharged (as a debt); n. moving, running, flowing, stream
Kannada derivates : parike, pariya running; parivu id., flowing, current
Tulu : pariyuni, hariyuni
Tulu meaning : to run, flow
Tulu derivates : aryuni to flow, run (as water); parapuni to flow (as water); parapu flowing, running; ? pari path, way; ? payyerụ horse; payyolụ, payyoli id., riding, galloping; bayyelụ running, riding; bayyoḷi a walk
Number in DED : 3963
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *par-ĭ-
Meaning : (horse) gallops; ride at a gallop
Toda : pary- (parc-)
Number in DED : 3963
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-toda,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *par-
Meaning : running, a run
Telugu : parugu
Dialectal forms (1) : paruvu
Dialectal forms (2) : parvu
Telugu (Krishnamurti) : parapu "to cause to flow"
Additional forms : Also paruviḍu to run; pāru to run, run away, have a motion of the bowels, purge, (K also) fly (or with 4020)
Number in DED : 3963
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_2,telet-tel_3,telet-tel_kr,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *par-c-
Meaning : to run away
Malto : parce, parctre
Number in DED : 3963
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-mlt,ndret-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *par-
Meaning: jump
Notes: Cf. *pVr- 'to fly'.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-cch,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-sho,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *pir-
Meaning: 'jump'
Mada: pı́rı́ [TMlw]
Munjuk: piri [TMnj]
Buduma=Yedina: fer [LBud]
Musgu: pǝr- [CLR: 211]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bld,cchet-mnj,cchet-bud,cchet-msg,
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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :
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Bedauye: far
Meaning: 'jump'
bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *pVr-
Meaning: 'jump'
Bilin: (-) fir y-
Awiya (Aungi): pǝrr-iŋ
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-aun,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *pVr-
Meaning: 'jump'
Saho: pǝrr
Afar (Danakil): pǝrr
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *fiR-
Meaning: 'jump'
Janjero (Yamma, Yemsa): fil-
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-yam,
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