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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 2573
Character: 鹼
MC description : 咸開二上豏見
ZIHUI: 4354 1835
Beijing: ćian 2
Jinan: ćiã 2
Xi'an: ćiã 2
Taiyuan: ćiɛ 2
Hankou: ćian 2
Chengdu: ćian 2
Yangzhou: ćiɛ̃ 2
Suzhou: ćî 2 (lit.); ke_ 2
Wenzhou: ka 21
Changsha: kan 2
Shuangfeng: ćî̃ 2
Nanchang: kan 2
Meixian: kiam 2
Guangzhou: kām 21
Xiamen: kĩ 2
Chaozhou: kiǝm 21
Fuzhou: kieŋ 2
Shanghai: ke_ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: kiam 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 鹼
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎn
Preclassic Old Chinese: krēmʔ
Classic Old Chinese: krḗm
Western Han Chinese: krjā́m
Eastern Han Chinese: kriā́m
Early Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́m
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́m
Late Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́m
Middle Chinese: kạ̈́m
English meaning : lump of earth [Han]
Comments: Also read *cham (~ćh-,-e-), MC chjem (FQ 七廉), Go, Kan sen 'buck, lye'.
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Go-on: ken
Kan-on: kan
Japanese reading: kan;ken;sen;aku
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ǯh]ɨam
Meaning: salt
Kachin: ǯum2 salt, (H) šum be saltish.
Lushai: KC *tśhum.
Comments: Meithei thum; BG: Dimasa sem, Garo sum, khari-tśham; Namsangia sum; Moshang śum; Kadu sum. Sh. 436; Ben. 57.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦć̣wV́jmV
Meaning: sour, salty
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦmVjć̣_wĂ
Meaning: sour
Proto-West Caucasian: *c̣ʷV Notes: A rather complicated case, but most of the reflexes can be more or less satisfactorily deduced from the protoform *ɦmVjć̣_wĂ (-j- to account for PN *-sṭ-). The Lak and PD form demonstrate the adjectival prefix *q̇V- (also present in a number of other adjectival stems); Lak. q̇urč̣i- < *q̇-Vmć̣-rV- (cf. the PL form; *-rV is a frequent suffixed morpheme in adjectives). Note the frequent recurrence of reduplication (also typical for many adjectival stems): PTs *čača-, PL *č̣iIrč̣ʷV-m- (reflected in Rut. and Tsakh.), PAT *c̣ʷǝc̣ʷǝ-.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *musṭi-n
Meaning: sour
Chechen: müsta
Ingush: mista
Batsbi: musṭĩ
Comments: Cf. also Cheb. mustĩ, Lev. müstĩ etc. The pure base can be seen in Chech. must-dan 'make sour', Bacb. musṭ-dalar 'get sour'.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *čača-lu
Meaning: sour
Bezhta: čäčälö (Khosh.)
Gunzib: čačalu (Gunz.)
Comments: PGB *čača-lu (cf. also Bezht. Tlad. čäčälö).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇urč̣i-
Meaning: sour, bitter
Lak form: q̇urč̣i-s:a
Comments: Cf. Khosr. q̇urč̣i-s:a id. Lak. > Arch. q̇ič̣i- 'sour' (used only with naIƛ̣ 'milk').
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *q̇anc̣(a)
Meaning: vinegar
Akusha: q̇anc̣a
Comments: Cf. also Ur., Muir., Kub. q̇anc̣, Kait. q̇ac̣ id. This Dargwa word (historically a derivate from **-anc̣a 'sour' with the adjectival prefix *q̇(a)-) was widely borrowed in neighbour languages: Av. q̇:anc̣a, (probably through Avar) > Arch. q̇anc̣a, Chech. q̇onza. The original meaning 'sour, to be sour' is preserved in the Archi loanword q̇anc̣- 'sour, to be sour'.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʡimč̣ʷV-r-/ʡirč̣ʷV-m-
Meaning: 1 sour 2 salty
Lezghian: üc̣ü 2
Tabasaran: uč̣̌ru 1
Agul: ʕuč̣e-f 1
Rutul: č̣ɨrč̣ɨm-dɨ 1
Tsakhur: č̣ɨrč̣ɨma-n 1
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. üḳü 'salty', Ag. Fit. ʡürč̣i-t, Burk. ʡüč̣e-f 'sour'. Rutul and Tsakhur reflect a reduplication (in Tsakhur cf. also the variant with pharyngealisation: č̣uIrč̣uImaI-n).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: mic̣
North Caucasian etymology: 1778
Meaning: sour
Khinalug form: mic̣
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *c̣ʷV
Meaning: 1 to get sour 2 sour
Abkhaz: a-č̣̌-rá 1
Abaza: č̣č̣ʷ-ra 1
Adyghe: ṣ́ʷa-ʡʷǝ-n 1
Kabardian: f̣a-ʡʷǝ-n 1
Ubykh: ʒʷa-q̇(ǝ́) 2
Comments: PAT *c̣ʷǝ / *c̣ʷǝc̣ʷǝ (cf. also Abkh. a-r-č̣̌ǝ́, a-č̣̌ǝč̣̌ǝ́ 'sour', Abaz. č̣ʷ-q̇́á 'sour'); PAK *c̣ʷa-ʡʷǝ- ( = Ub. ʒʷa-q̇ǝ, Abaz. č̣ʷq̇́á). Ubykh has voiced ʒʷ- instead of *c̣ʷ as a result of dissimilation. See Shakryl 1968, 85, Abdokov 1973, 32, 72, Shagirov 2, 102.
[NB: The common WC form *c̣ʷVq̇́ʷV (-q̇ʷV) may be analyzed as containing an adjectival suffix, but also may partly reflect another NC root, well reconstructed for PEC as *c̣_eḳwV (q.v.).; see Абдоков 1983, 151.]
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ćhémil
Meaning: poison
Yasin: ćémel
Hunza: ćhémiliŋ
Nagar: ćhémiliŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVMV
Meaning : sour, bitter
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *č`VmV
Meaning: salty, sour
Dravidian: PKG *cam-, PNorth *canq- 'be rotten'
References: ND 423 *č̣em(V)χV 'sour, bitter'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 106
Proto: *čemV
English meaning: sour; to become sour
German meaning: sauer; sauer werden, gären
Udmurt (Votyak): še̮m (S), šȯm (K) 'Geschmack', še̮m (URS) 'вкус; закваска', šumes (S) 'Backtrog, Brottrog'
Komi (Zyrian): šo̯m (SO) 'закваска; кислота; кислый', šom (Ud. I) 'Sauerteig, Säure; Geschmack', šom (S), ńań-še̮m (P) 'Sauerteig', šu̇m (PO) 'Säure, Sauerteig; sauer' ( > Khanty Ni. šŭm, Kaz. ńańšŭm 'Teig, Vorteig', Mansi сумункве 'киснуть'), šome̮s (S), še̮me̮.s 'Backtrog, Teig'
Khanty (Ostyak): čim- (Trj.) 'gären, aufsteigen (der Teig)', sim- (O) 'infolge von Feuchtigkeit mürbe werden, verderben; gärend aufsteigen (der Teig)'
K. Reshetnikov's notes: It is, indeed, quite difficult to explain the correspondence Perm. š ~ Khanty č. Should we treat Khanty *čim- as an old (Proto-Khanty or even Proto-Ob-Ugric) loan from Permic (Proto-Komi?) - with the substitution *š > *č for lack of *š in Proto-Khanty (as well as in Proto-(Ob)-Ugric)? Note that Permic loanwords in Khanty having š in the place of Permic š don't contradict this interpretation: they either were borrowed (chiefly from Komi) into some separate Khanty dialects, where š is present (being a result of a secondary development of *č-) or regularly arose in the same dialects as reflexes of Proto-Khanty words with *č- borrowed from Permic. For the vowel substitution (Permic *ȯ > Khanty *i) cf. ИВПЯ 152.
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-reshet,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *č̣max-
Russian meaning: кислый
English meaning: sour
Georgian: mč̣ax-e
Georgian meaning (Rus.): очень кислый
Georgian meaning (Engl.): very sour
Laz: mč̣ox-a
Notes and references: EWK 254. Членение типа *m-č̣ax-e, видимо, вторично (по аналогии с mḳwaxe, mc̣are etc.); основа с m- весьма напоминает ПСК *ɦmVjć̣_wĂ 'кислый' (NCED 521). Dolg. (ND 423) suggests *m-č̣ax- < *m-č̣max-, discovering the prefixless stem in Georg. č̣max- 'sour (wine)', 'become sour (of wine).
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-grmean,kartet-egrmean,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣am-
Meaning: be bitter
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-wch,afaset-ech,afaset-omo,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ĉ̣amam-
Meaning: 'be bitter'
Pa'a: ĉ̣ámuma [MS]
Cagu: ĉ̣eemáma [SkNb]
Siri: ĉ̣áámaamí (n.) [SkNb]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-paa,wchet-cag,wchet-sir,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *ĉ̣Vma
Meaning: 'bitter'
Jegu: ʔǯḕmá [Jg]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-jeg,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *c̣am-
Meaning: '(be) bitter'
Ometo: č̣aam-
Kafa (Kaficho): č̣aamm-
Mocha: č̣ammo
Notes: Ome and Kaf may reflect a secondary formation with an inlaut laryngeal *c̣aHam-
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,omoet-kaf,omoet-mch,omoet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *ʔcVm
Meaning: sour
Austroasiatic meaning: vinegar
Proto-Austronesian: *esem, qaleSem
Austronesian meaning: sour
Proto-Thai: sam.C sour (NT); Kd *R-somC
References: Ben 388-389, Peiros 1998, 98 (AN-Tai)
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVm
Meaning: vinegar
Thai: sam.C sour (NT)
Proto-Monic: M sam
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-mon,
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