Chinese Dialects :

Number: 668

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 門

MC description : 臻合一平魂明

ZIHUI: 7024 2032

Beijing: mǝn 12

Jinan: mẽ 12

Xi'an: mẽ 12

Taiyuan: mǝŋ 1

Hankou: mǝn 12

Chengdu: mǝn 12

Yangzhou: mǝ 12

Suzhou: mǝn 12

Wenzhou: maŋ 12

Changsha: mǝn 12

Shuangfeng: min 12

Nanchang: mǝn 31

Meixian: mun 12

Guangzhou: mun 12

Xiamen: bun 12 (lit.); mŋ 12

Chaozhou: muŋ 12

Fuzhou: muɔŋ 12

Shanghai: mǝŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: man 12

Chinese characters :

Character: 門

Modern (Beijing) reading: mén

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄n

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: mon

English meaning : gate, door

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ворота; дверь; вход; проход; выход; отверстие; сторожить ворота; 2) дом, семья; род; 3) начало; подход, ключ (к вопросу); 4) школа, секта, учение; клика; партия; 5) ученики, последователи; 6) раздел, рубрика; 7) специальность; отрасль; профессия; 8) счетный суффикс для орудий

Comments: A later meaning is ('gate, house') > 'home, origin; school, sect'. For *m cf. Xiamen mŋ², Chaozhou muŋ², Fuzhou muoŋ², Jianou moŋ²; Shaowu mǝn².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3360

Karlgren code: 0441 a-c

Vietnamese reading: môn

Jianchuan Bai: me7

Dali Bai: me7

Bijiang Bai: mer7

Shijing occurrences: 40.1_

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mɨ̄n (~-ū-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gate, door

Chinese: 門 *mǝ̄n gate.

Lushai: hmun place, room.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mɦăʡnē

Meaning: door, gate

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mɦăʡnē

Sino-Tibetan: *mɨ̄n (~-ū-)

Burushaski: *man

Comments and references : WFR 62, LV B21. Cf. Ket. (Ad.) bunba 'house' (see Werner 1, 150).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mɦăʡnē

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: door, part of door

Proto-Nakh: *nɦeʔ

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *mVHV

Proto-Tsezian: *mahV ( ~ -ħ-)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root (as seen directly from the PN form) has a complicated laryngeal structure; the cluster with -n- must be reconstructed to account for the change *m- > *n- in PN.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *nɦeʔ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: door

Chechen: neʕ

Ingush: niʕ

Batsbi: nʕajʔ-sã

Comments: 4th class in Chech. and Ing. The Bacbi word is a compound (for the second part see PN *sān). The independent root *nɦeʔ underwent in Bacbi some transformations. It is now used only as a locative derived from the oblique base *nɦaʔe- (cf. *nɦaʔe-rV- > Chech. neʕara-, Ing. naʕara-): Bacb. nʕaʔi(ħ) 'outdoors', nʕajʔ '(to the) outside'; cf. also nʕajʔa 'place around the house, outdoors'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *mVHV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshhold

Avar: ráhu-maħi

Comments: A compound with ráhu 'door' (q.v.); cf. also Keg. rahu-nuħ-bi (a plural form) 'door frame'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *mahV ( ~ -ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: door frame

Bezhta: maha

Gunzib: mahaχ

Comments: PGB *maha (the Gunz. form is an old locative).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *man

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: platform for sitting (in houses or gardens)

Yasin: man

Hunza: man

Nagar: man

Comments: ?T. 9715 [Skt. mañca- `stage, platform'??]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MVNV

Meaning : to stay, reside

Eurasiatic : *menV

Afroasiatic : *man-/*min-

Sino-Caucasian : *manV (cf. also *mɦăʡnē 'door, gate' - originally same root?)

Austric : *mVʔn

Amerind (misc.) : *ma(n)- 'dwell, be'

Reference : ND 1420, 1421; GE 35 *mana (+ ?NS, IP).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *menV

Meaning: to stay

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *men-

Altaic: *meń[o] ?

Kartvelian: *men-

Dravidian: *man-

References: МССНЯ 367, ОСНЯ 2, 51-52. ND 1420 *mAn̄V 'house, dwelling', 1421 *män̄a 'remain, stay' (most probably one root).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *man-/-e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to stay, to remain

Hittite: mimma- (II) 'sich weigern, etw. verweigern, zurückweisen' (Friedrich 143)

Tokharian: A, B mäsk- 'be, become, find oneself' (Adams 458)

Old Indian: {pari-mamandhi, ámaman `zögern, stillstehen'}

Avestan: man- `bleiben, warten', fra-man- `ausharren'

Other Iranian: OPers man- `bleiben, warten'

Armenian: mnam `bleibe, erwarte'

Old Greek: ménō, mímnō, aor. mẹ̄̂nai̯, pf. meménēka, va. menetó- `bleiben, verbleiben, warten, erwarten, stendhalten', monǟ́ f. `das Bleiben, der Aufenthalt usw.', ménēma n. `Aufenthaltsort, Raum'

Latin: maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsum `bleiben; verharren, übrig bleiben', mantāre `saepe manēre'

Celtic: *an-menjā- ? > OIr ainmne `Geduld'; MCymr anmynedd `Geduld', Cymr amynedd `Geduld'

Russ. meaning: задерживаться

References: WP II 267

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1281

Root: men-5

English meaning: to stay, stand still

German meaning: `bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen'

General comments: (= men- `denken'?)

Material: Ai. man- (parimamandhi, ámaman) `zögern, stillstehen', av. ap. man- `bleiben, warten', av. fra-man- `ausharren'; arm. mnam `bleibe, erwarte' (*mēnā-); gr. μένω, μίμνω (μεμένηκα) `bleibe', μονή f. `das Bleiben', μόνιμος `ausharrend', μέμνων `Esel' (`ausdauernd'); lat. maneō, -ēre (vgl.μεμένη-κα) `bleiben' (*m_enei̯ō), Denomin. mantāre `saepe manēre'; air. ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr.anmynedd `Geduld' (*an-meni̯ā);

    toch. А В mäsk- `sein'; hitt. mi-im-ma-i `verweigern'.

References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hitt. 121.

Pages: 729

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *meń[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dwelling place, village

Russian meaning: жилище, деревня

Mongolian: *maji-kan

Tungus-Manchu: *mēne-

Korean: *mằńằrh

Japanese: *múrà

Comments: The Kor.-Jpn. form is a derivative in *-rV (*-lV). The Tungus form fits very well semantically, but raises some phonetic doubts: vowel length and the quality of -n- (instead *-ń-) do not correspond to other languages. Cf. perhaps Turk. (Oyr.) man 'fence' (VEWT 325). See Vovin 1993, 257.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *maji-kan

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: tent

Russian meaning: шатер

Written Mongolian: majiqan (L 523)

Khalkha: majxan

Buriat: majxan

Kalmuck: mǟxan

Ordos: mǟxun

Dagur: maikan (Тод. Даг. 153, MD 188)

Comments: KW 259, MGCD 477. Mong. > Man. majqan etc. (see ТМС 1, 520, Rozycki 153; despite Doerfer MT 80, hardly Mong. < Tung.).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *mēne-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to settle down 2 settled down 3 to stay

Russian meaning: 1 жить оседло 2 оседлый 3 оставаться

Evenki: mēnē- 1, mēnē 2

Even: mene 2

Negidal: meneǯe- 3

Orok: meneǯi- 3

Udighe: menǯe- 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 569.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mằńằrh

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: village, vicinity

Russian meaning: деревня, окрестности

Modern Korean: maɨl

Middle Korean: mằńằr (mằńằrh-)

Comments: Nam 196, KED 564.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *múrà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: village

Russian meaning: деревня

Old Japanese: mura

Middle Japanese: múrà

Tokyo: murá

Kyoto: múrà

Kagoshima: múra

Comments: JLTT 488.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *men-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: жилище

English meaning: dwelling

Georgian: men-a

Notes and references: В ОСНЯ 2, 51 основа сравнивается с ПИЕ *men- 'оставаться на месте', драв. *man- id., ТМ *mēne- 'жить оседло' < ностр. *mAnV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *man-

Meaning : to be

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *man-

Proto-Telugu : *man-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *man-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *man- (past stem *mat_-)

Proto-North Dravidian : *man-

Brahui : mann-ing

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *man-

Meaning : to stay, endure

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : man_n_u (man_n_i-)

Tamil meaning : to be permanent, endure, remain long, stay, persevere, be steady

Tamil derivates : man_n_al permanence, stability, steadiness

Malayalam : mannuka

Malayalam meaning : to stand fast, persevere

Number in DED : 4778

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *man-

Meaning : to live, exist, behave, act, conduct oneself

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : manu

Additional forms : Also [1] maniki, [2] manki existence, living, life, residing, livelihood, abode, dwelling, home, place, locality; manukuva abode, dwelling place; manugaḍa life, living, livelihood, subsistence; [1] manucu, [2] manupu protection, maintenance; manuvu livelihood, conduct; manni life; mannu to last, be durable

Number in DED : 4778

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *man-

Meaning : to be

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : man-

Parji : men- (mend-, mett-) "to be, stay"

Ollari Gadba : man- (may-, maṭ-) "to be, stay"

Salur Gadba : man- (manḍ-, manj-, mey-)

Notes : Parji men- by analogy with past stem *mand_-/*mat_- > mend-, mett-.

Number in DED : 4778

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *man- (past stem *mat_-)

Meaning : to be

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *man-

Konda : man- (maR-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *man- (p.t. *mac-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *man- (p.t. *mac-)

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *man-

Meaning : to remain, abide, be

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : mandānā (matt-)

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : mandānā (matt-)

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : mandānā (matt-)

Muria Gondi : man-

Maria Gondi : man-

Seoni Gondi : man-

Adilabad Gondi : mandānā (matt-) (SR)

Durg Gondi : man-

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Tr maiānā (past mās-) to be

Number in DED : 4778

Number in CVOTGD : 2703, 2710

Konda etymology :

Konda : man- (maR-)

Meaning: to be

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : man- (maR-) "to be, stay, dwell"

Number in DED : 4778

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *man- (p.t. *mac-)

Meaning : to be

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : man- (mac-)

Manda : man- (mac-)

Number in DED : 4778

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *man- (p.t. *mac-)

Meaning : to be

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : manba (mas-) "to be, exist, remain, abide; n. state of being, existing, act of remaining or abiding"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : manjali (mac-) "to remain"

Kuwi (Schulze) : mannai (macc-)

Sunkarametta Kuwi : man- (macc-)

Parja Kuwi : man- (macc-)

Kuwi (Israel) : man- (mac-) "to remain, exist, stay; aux. vb. to be"

Number in DED : 4778

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *man-

Meaning : to become

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : mannā (mańjas) "to become, come off, result, be, turn out to be, be in appearance, act as if, behave as though, be abundant, amount to"

Malto : mene "to be or become, grow or be produced"

Additional forms : In Kurukh maybe mańjas < man-y-as? In Malto - mene < man-y-e?

Number in DED : 4778

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : mann-ing (mar-, ma-, past mass-)

Meaning : to become, be

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 4778

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *man-/*min-

Meaning: house

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: mn 'room' (MK)

Western Chadic: *min- 'house' 1, 'place' 2

Central Chadic: *min- 'door'

East Chadic: *man- 'place'

Low East Cushitic: *man-/*min- 'house'

High East Cushitic: *min- 'house'

Warazi (Dullay): *man- 'house'

Dahalo (Sanye): mini 'house'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: mn (MK)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'room'

Coptic: *monē

Coptic meaning: 'dwelling, inn'

Bohairic: monē

Sahidic: monē

Notes: Copt may be alteratively borrowed from Gk mon_.

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *min-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'house' 1, 'place' 2

Dera=Kanakuru: mǝna 1

Pero: mina 1

Sha: mun 2

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *min-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'door'

Musgu: min, mŋ [Lk?]

Notes: not in LMsg, ???

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *man-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'place'

Somrai: mànà {Jg]

Ndam: má:n [JgD]

Notes: ECh *man, not *maHan

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *man-/*min-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'house'

Somali: miin

Oromo (Galla): mana, manaa

Boni: miŋ

Arbore: min

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *min-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'house'

Sidamo: mine

Darasa (Gedeo): mine

Hadiya (Gudella): mine

Kambatta: mine

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *man-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'house'

Gawwada (Gawata): mano

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: mini

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'house'

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *mVʔn

Meaning: hearth; settlement

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: mVŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: town

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao muŋ.1 town, city

Proto-Austronesian: *qumun 'oven, hearth' ?

Proto-Thai: mɨaŋ.A city, country

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: mVŋ

Meaning: town

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: mɨaŋ.A city, country

Proto-Monic: M kama:ŋ

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