Chinese Dialects : List with all references

Number: 787

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 津

MC description : 臻開三平真精

ZIHUI: 3160 2112

Beijing: ćin 11

Jinan: ćiẽ 11

Xi'an: ćiẽ 11

Taiyuan: ćiŋ 1

Hankou: ćin 11

Chengdu: ćin 11

Yangzhou: ćĩ 11

Suzhou: cin 11

Wenzhou: caŋ 11

Changsha: cin 11

Shuangfeng: ćin 11

Nanchang: ćin 11

Meixian: cin 11

Guangzhou: čö_n 11

Xiamen: cin 11 (lit.); tin 11

Chaozhou: ciŋ 11

Fuzhou: ciŋ 11

Shanghai: ciŋ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: ciǝn 1

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Chinese characters :

Character: 津

Modern (Beijing) reading: jīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: cin

Classic Old Chinese: cin

Western Han Chinese: cjǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: cjǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjin

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjin

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjin

Middle Chinese: cjin

English meaning : a ford; moist

Russian meaning[s]: 1) переправа, брод; перен. путь, способ; 2) слюна; влага; влажный; смачивать; 3) поддерживать деньгами, дать пособие; 4) важный путь сообщений; линия связи; 5) сокр. г. Тяньцзинь

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 2580

Karlgren code: 0381 g

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ch]ĭŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: moist; soak

Chinese: 津 *cin ford; moist.

Kachin: ciŋ² be soaked, steeped.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣VwńV?

Meaning: dirt

North Caucasian: *c̣_ĂwnV

Sino-Tibetan: *[ch]ĭŋ ?

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣ĂwnV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt, dungwash; urine

Proto-Nakh: *c̣VwVn (~ -b-)

Proto-Tsezian: *cɨmɔ

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣Vm(a)

Proto-West Caucasian: *c̣ʷV

Notes: Correspondences are quite regular, but there is not enough information to reconstruct the vocalism (we can only say that the first vowel was short and back).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣VwVn (~ -b-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dungwash

Chechen: c̣ūn

Ingush: c̣un

Comments: 3d class in Chech., 4th class in Ing. We have to suppose a contraction to account for the Chech. vowel length (old long vowels are shortened in a closed syllable).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *cɨmɔ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: urine

Bezhta: cima (Tlad., Khosh.)

Gunzib: cumo

Comments: PGB *cɨmɔ. In Gunz. also used as a verbal stem (cum- "to urinate").

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣Vm(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sperm 2 dung (of sheep)

Lezghian: c̣imil (Khl.) 2

Tabasaran: c̣ama 1 (Düb.)

Agul: c̣imil-ar 2 (Fit.)

Comment: The first vowel is impossible to reconstruct, because in all languages it is assimilated to the vowel of the suffix (-il in Lezg., Ag., -a < -aj in Tab.). The semantic variation is well explained by the external evidence (the original meaning of the root was probably "dungwash", "filthy secretion").

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *c̣ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dirt, dirty; excrements 2 to become dirty

Adyghe: ṣʷa-jǝ 1

Kabardian: f̣e-j 1

Ubykh: q̇́ǝ-c̣ʷ- 2

Comments: PAK *c̣ʷa-jǝ́; Ub. sǝ-q̇́ǝ-c̣ʷǝ́-n. Both PAK and Ub. have compounds: in PAK with the stem *-ja "bad" (see Shagirov 1977, 2, 102); in Ub. the first component goes back to PWC *q̇́ǝ 'dirt, dung' q.v. We should relate here also the Ub. reduplicated stem c̣ʷac̣ʷ- (c̣ʷac̣ʷǝ́-n "cela fait mal", c̣ʷac̣ʷǝ́ "mal, douleur"). For the semantic shift "dirty" > "bad" cf. PAK *ʡa-jV "bad" ( < *q̇́ǝ-ja) where *ʡa = PAT *q̇́ǝ 'dung' and Ub. q̇́ǝ-.

Shagirov's supposition that PAK *c̣ʷa- here = PAK *c̣ʷǝ "good" is unacceptable.