Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *goŋk-

Meaning : hook; curved

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *koŋk-

Proto-Telugu : *kokk-/*koŋk-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gok-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *goŋ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qo(ŋ)G-

Notes : The root is possibly contaminated with certain other forms; assimilation *g-ŋk- > *k-ŋk- is also not excluded.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *koŋk-

Meaning : hook, crooked

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kokki

Tamil meaning : hook, clasp (as of a necklace or ear-ring); hooked knife attached to a long bamboo

Tamil derivates : kokkarai crookedness, deformity, rake; kokkuvāy the hook of a clasp in an ornament; ? kuraŋku hook, clasp, link in jewelry; ? kur_aṇṭu (kur_aṇṭi-) to be crooked or bent (as horns, fingers, limbs, fruits), be convulsed, have spasms, coil up (as a small reptile)

Malayalam : kokka

Malayalam meaning : clasp, hook, crook (as for plucking fruits), neck-clasp

Malayalam derivates : kokkara crooked, bent backwards

Kannada : kokki, kokke

Kannada meaning : crookedness, perverseness, a crook, bend, hook

Kannada derivates : kogga, kokkari, koŋga, koŋgari crookedness; koŋki a hook, fish-hook, angle; koŋku to be bent, get crooked, curved, distorted, deformed, or curled, become perverse, untrue, etc.; n. (also koŋgu) state of being bent, crooked, etc.; koŋkisu to make crooked, distort

Kodagu : kokke

Kodagu meaning : crook, hook, anything bent

Kodagu derivates : kokk- (kokki-) to be bent

Tulu : kokkè

Tulu meaning : a hook, clasp

Tulu derivates : koŋkè, kuŋkè a hook, crookedness; crooked, curved, bent; koŋgụ irregularity, crookedness; bent, curved, arched, irregular

Proto-Nilgiri : *kok-

Number in DED : 2032

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kok-

Meaning : to be bent, crooked

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kok- (koky-) "to become very bent with age"

Toda : kwɨky "crook, hook"

Additional forms : Also Kota koky crook, hook; koŋk crooked

Number in DED : 2032

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kokk-/*koŋk-

Meaning : a hook

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kokki

Dialectal forms (1) : koŋki

Additional forms : Also kokkemu buckle or hook in a jewel, etc.; koŋkara crookedness

Number in DED : 2032

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gok-

Meaning : to bend

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : gog- (gokt-) "to bend over"

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : koŋkḍī, kokḍī "crookedly"

Naikri : ghogg-

Naiki : koŋga, kohoŋga "elbow"

Parji : kokor- "to be bent, curved"

Additional forms : Also Kolami gogip- (gogipt-) to make to bend over, bend (tr.) at a sharp angle; Naikri koŋki curved hoe; Parji kokoro a curl; kokta crooked, zigzag; kokṛ-, kokṛayt- to contract (arm, etc.)

Number in DED : 2032

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *goŋ-

Meaning : hook

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *goŋ-

Konda : koŋva

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *goŋ-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *koŋ-

Notes : There were actually several 'hook'-roots in PGn (see also *kōnḍ-; one should also probably reconstruct *kok-, cf. Gondi kokki hoe, etc.), and naturally they all hopeleslly contaminated with each other. That is why we have Konda and PK *k-.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *goŋ-

Meaning : crooked; sickle

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : gingōn_-gongōn_ aiānā "to be crooked, as a snake's progress"

Koya Gondi : gongoṛ keser "sickle"

Number in DED : 2032

Number in CVOTGD : 1076, 1183

Konda etymology :

Konda : koŋva

Meaning: a hook fixed on a wall used as a hanger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2032

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *goŋ-

Meaning : to be bent

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : goŋ(g)- (goŋt-)

Additional Forms : Also Pengo gok- (-t-) to bend, twist; gomga- (road) to go crookedly (motion base only)

Number in DED : 2032

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *koŋ-

Meaning : bent, crooked

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kongoni, kongoṛi, kengeri, kingiṛi, kengoni "bent, curved, crooked, zigzag"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kongoni "arm"

Kuwi (Mahanti) : koŋkaṭā "crooked, bent"

Kuwi (Israel) : koŋgoṇi "crooked"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_Mah kaŋgaṇi elbow; Kuwi_Isr gōŋkoṭ̣i bent, crooked

Notes : The forms with suffixes are *kong-eṇi, *kong-eṛi, maybe *kong-eṭi in Kuwi_Mah and Kuwi_Isr. The reasons of different vocalisation in Kui are not quite clear; maybe it is due to different assimilations.

Number in DED : 2032

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *qo(ŋ)G-

Meaning : to bend

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : xō̃ŋghnā (refl.pass. xō̃ŋghrnā) "to bend (tr.̂: forward, backward, or to and fro), curve, deflect, force down someone's head or back"

Malto : qonqe "to indent, notch, bend the knees slightly in dancing, form the ridge of a thatched roof"

Additional forms : Also KUR koŋkō, koŋkṛō shaped like a hook, curved, winding; keŋkrnā to be crooked, curviform; keŋkṛō, keŋkō-beŋkō crooked, curved or shaped like a hook; MLT kokre to stoop down; kokro bent, curly; kon_gori concave.

Number in DED : 2032

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *guḳa

Meaning: to bend

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kouk-

Altaic: *gùk`a (or *k`ōki 'hook')

Uralic: *kokka (cf. also *kokka)

Kartvelian: *ḳaḳ(w)-

Dravidian: ? *goŋk-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: ? Itelm. *qeqǝ- 'nose'

References: ND 652 *goPḲa 'tooth, hook, sharp stick' (Mong.-Ur.; -PḲ- is unreliable); 1020 *ḳok(w)V 'hook, tooth, fang' (Kartv. + IE *kog- + Ur. + Drav. + incorr. Alt.). Cf. *ḳUjḳV.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kAuk-, -g-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to bend, to crook

Tokharian: A koc, B kauc (PT *keuc) 'high up, above' (Adams 209)

Old Indian: kucáti `to contract', kuñcati `to make crooked, bend or curve'; kuca- m. `female breast, teat'

Other Iranian: NPers kōž 'gekrümmt, buckelig'

Slavic: *kū́kā `крюк, поворот etc.'; *kūčerā `Locke'; *kū́čā; *kū́kъ `холм, бугор' etc.

Baltic: *kaũk-a- c., *kaũk-ā̂, *kaũk-ar-a- c., -ā̂ f., *kuk-ur-a-, *kuk-ur-ia-, *kuk-ar-a- c., *kuk-ul-ia- c., *kuk-ia- c., *kuk-um-a- c., *kuk- vb. intr.; *kaug-iā̃ (Lith AC/Lett CIRC), *keûg-iā̃ f., *kū̂g-ia- c., *kaug-ur-ia- c., -iā̃ f.

Germanic: *xáux-a-/*xaug-á- adj.; *xaug-á- m.; *xug-il-a- m.; *xíux-man- m.; *xúx-ja- vb.; *xūk=, *xukr=

Celtic: OIr cūar `krumm' ( < *kukʷro- ~ *kupro-)

Russ. meaning: сгибать(ся), изгибать(ся)

References: WP I 370 f, Buck 25.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kaũk-a- c., *kaũk-ā̂, *kaũk-ar-a- c., -ā̂ f., *kuk-ur-a-, *kuk-ur-ia-, *kuk-ar-a- c., *kuk-ul-ia- c., *kuk-ia- c., *kuk-um-a- c., *kuk- vb. intr.; *kaug-iā̃ (Lith AC/Lett CIRC), *keûg-iā̃ f., *kū̂g-ia- c., *kaûg-ur-a- (1), -ia- c., -iā̃ f.

Meaning: swelling, hill, etc.

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kaũka-s `Beule, Geschwür, Vorrichtung mit der das Fischnetz durch ein in Eis gehauenes Loch gezogen wird', pl. kaũkōs f. `Drüsen', kaũkara-s, kaukarà, kaũkura-s, kaukurē̃ `Anhöhe, Hügel, Bergkuppel'; pl. kukùriai, kukãrai `oberer teil des Rüchens nebst Schultern', kukulī̃s `(Mehl)kloss', kùki-s `Misthaken', kùkti `sich bücken' || káugē, kiáugē, kū́gi-s 'grosser Haufen, Heuschober', kaugurī̃-s, -ē̃ 'mit Sandgras bewachsener, kleiner, steiler Hügel'; kúoka 'cudgel', kuokẽlis 'stamen'

Lettish: kukurs `Buckel; Erd-, Lehmklumpen auf geeggtem Felde', kùkums `Buckel, Höcker', kukt (kukstu, kuku) `krumm werden, Katzenbuckel machen, hocken' || kàudze 'grosser, runder Heu- od. Kornschober mit einer kegelförmiger Spitze; Haufe', kaũgurs 'Gipfel eines Hügels'; kuoks 'tree'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xáuxa-/*xaugá-; *xaugá-z; *xugila-z; *xíuxmēn; *xúxjan- vb.; *xūk=, *xukr=

Meaning: high, hill, hooked

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *hauh-s (a) `high'; hiuhma m. (n) `multitude', *huhjan wk. `store up'

Old Norse: hō-r, hā-r `hoch'; haug-r m. `Grabhügel, Hügel'; Hugl f. Inselname; 2) hokinn 'gekrümmt', hūka, heykjask 'hocken'

Norwegian: hög adj.; haug sbs.

Old Swedish: hugli; OGutn hāur

Swedish: hög sbs.

Old Danish: Run. hou[h]aR adj.

Danish: hög adj.; höi sbs.

Old English: { hēah }; { Hugl Inselname }

English: high

Old Frisian: hāch

Old Saxon: hōh `hoch'

Middle Dutch: hō, hooch; hōghel, heughel `ketelhaak'

Dutch: hoog; heugel m. `getande staaf voor hangijzer of ketel boven het vuut; getande staaf waarop een rondsel werkt', dial. hōgel

Old Franconian: hō

Middle Low German: hō, hōch

Low German: 2) westf. hūk 'Hügel'

Old High German: 1) hōh (8.Jh.); houg (9.Jh.) `Hügel'; hogar (12.Jh.); 2) hocken

Middle High German: hōch, hō 'hoch'; houc (-g-) st. n. `hügel'; hoger st. m. 'buckel, höcker'

German: hoch (höher); Hügel (frühnhd. Hugel); Höcker m. (frühnhd. hoger, hoker, hocker)

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gŭ̀k`à ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: curve, hook; to cling to

Russian meaning: изгиб, крюк; цепляться

Mongolian: *gok-

Tungus-Manchu: *guk-

Japanese: *kàk-

Comments: Cf. *gék`á, *k`i̯úŋu, *k`ōki.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gok-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hook

Russian meaning: крюк

Written Mongolian: ɣoqa (L 363), ɣoqu

Middle Mongolian: ɣuɣa (MA 223)

Khalkha: gox

Buriat: goxo

Kalmuck: ɣoxǝ

Comments: Mong. > Evk. goko, Man. Goχon etc., see ТМС 1, 158-159, KW 149, Doerfer MT 79, Rozycki 91). Cf. also Bur. gogno-gor 'with head bent upwards'.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *guk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 bent upwards (of head) 2 convex, hill 3 part of harness (a piece of iron with a ring) 4 (plough) thills 5 ski straps

Russian meaning: 1 задранный кверху (о голове) 2 бугор, выпуклость 3 часть упряжи (железка с кольцом) 4 оглобли (у сохи) 5 лыжные ремни

Evenki: gugarka 3

Literary Manchu: gukdu 2, Goqči 4

Ulcha: gūksi 5

Nanai: gukū 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 159, 166, 169.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 hook; key 2 to attach, hang 3 to be attached

Russian meaning: 1 крюк; ключ 2 прицеплять, вешать 3 прикрепляться

Old Japanese: kag(j)i 1, kak(a)- 2, kaka-r- 3

Middle Japanese: kàgì 1, kàka- 2, kàkà-r- 3

Tokyo: kagí 1, kaké- 2, kakár- 3

Kyoto: kágì 1, kàkè- 2, kákár- 3

Kagoshima: kagí 1, kàkè- 2, kàkàr- 3

Comments: JLTT 433, 702. Accent in Kyoto kàkè- is irregular..

Uralic etymology :

Number: 340

Proto: *kokka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: tip, protruding edge; hook

German meaning: etwas Hervorstehendes, irgendeine hervorstehendes Spitze; Haken

Finnish: kokka 'etwas Hervorstehendes, irgendeine hervorstehende Spitze; Vorderschiff'

Estonian: kokka dial. 'Haken, Angelhaken'

Saam (Lapp): goakke (N) 'Hacke, Haue', kōɔkke- (L) 'ein sich rückwärts biegendes Holz', kŭᾰɔk͕k͕^E (Ko. Not.) 'Haken'; goakke -g- (N) 'hood on a Lapp cradle', kā̊hkē (L) 'das Schutzdach der Lappenwiege (der Holzbogen mit dem darüber gespannten Leder)'

Khanty (Ostyak): kaɣǝw (Vj.), χaχǝp (DN) 'hölzerner Hachthaken'

Addenda: Kar. kokka 'Haken, Vordersteven'; Olon. kokku 'id., penis ( > Komi Lu. koka 'aus der Fichte und ihrer Wurzel gewonnener natürlicher Haken')

Yukaghir parallels: kókä 'Kopf'; NB zu Juk in UEW

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳaḳ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: (со)гнуться, крюк

English meaning: to bend, hook

Georgian: ḳaḳ-v-

Megrel: *ḳonḳ- ( > Swan. ḳonḳ-)

Laz: ḳoḳ-, ḳuḳ-

Notes and references: EWK 182. Ср. алт. *gek`o 'крюк, гнуть' (или *k`ōk`i 'крюк, петля'; ПИЕ *ke(n)g-, *ke(n)k- (также *ḱa(n)k-, *ḱenk-) 'крюк'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVKV

Meaning : to bend

Eurasiatic : *guḳa

Sino-Caucasian : ST *khjŏk (~ *gh-, qh-, Gh-) 'bend, crooked'

Austric : PAA *gok / *guk 'bent', PAN *bekug, *bekuk 'curved, bent'

Reference : GE 65 *kuk (AN - ST); cf. KVNV.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kUK

Meaning: bent

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *gok / *guk

Austroasiatic meaning: bent

Proto-Austronesian: *bekug, *bekuk

Austronesian meaning: curved, bent

Austronesian code: 3:20

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gok / *guk

Meaning: bent

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *gok

Proto-Bahnaric: WK *gok

Khmer: sgaok S?

Proto-Monic: M kuik I?

Proto-Khmu: *kɔk I?

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *gok

Meaning: bend, bent

Presyllable: #/tǝ(N)-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *gok

Proto-East Katuic: *gok

References: P-263; TK15.33

Notes: some forms may be borrowed from VN

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *gok

Meaning: bend, bent

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kɔk.L

Bru Van Keu meaning: curved, crooked

Kui: khɔʔ.B

Kui meaning: crooked, bent

Kuay: khɔʔ.B

Kuay meaning: bend

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *gok

Meaning: bend, bent

Presyllable: #/tǝ(N)-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kok.T

Pakoh meaning: bent, curved

Taojh: karkok.T

Taojh meaning: curved (PT-140)

Ngeq: kok

Ngeq meaning: untruly, crooked

Kri: kok.B

Chatong: kok.B

Kantu dialects: tigok

Triw: ʔigok

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *gok

Meaning: bent, crooked

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *gok

Harak: ŋhgok

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *gok

Meaning: bent, crooked

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: gok

Kaseng: goʔ I? (a loan?)

Yaeh: gɔk

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *gok / *goʔ

Meaning: bent, crooked

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: ŋhgok

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