Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tōr-

Meaning : large, stout, mature

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tōr-

Proto-Telugu : *tōr-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tōr-ǯ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tōr-

Meaning : large, stout

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : tōra

Kannada meaning : bigness, largeness, plumpness, stoutness, greatness, dignity, a stout man, a great man

Kannada derivates : tōritu that which is big; tōrida a big man

Tulu : tōra

Tulu meaning : stoutness, thickness; thick, stout, large

Number in DED : 3557

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tōr-

Meaning : thick, stout, large

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tōramu

Number in DED : 3557

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tōr-ǯ-

Meaning : to grow, mature

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *trōǯ- (< *tōrǯ-)

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *trōǯ- (< *tōrǯ-)

Meaning : to grow in body, become mature and well-developed

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : trōja (trōji-)

Additional forms : Also Kui pl. action trōska (trōski-)

Number in DED : 3557

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *tVrV

Meaning: full

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: (*dreu-)

Altaic: *tī́ri

Uralic: *tire (*türe) (cf. also ObU *tīrV 'strong, hefty')

Dravidian: *tōr-; SDR *tūr- (3390, Tam.-Mal.); *tira- 'dense, thick, assemble' (DED 2654)

References: МССНЯ 356; ND 2293 *t/ṭürʡV ~ *t/ṭurʡE 'full, filled' ( + Arab.); 2432 *ṭiRga 'force, strength' (dub. IE + incorr. Mong. + ObU + Arab.). Cf. also ND 2437 *ṭüRq̇V 'firm, dense' (Georg. ṭroq̇- + Turk. *türk + Sem.); 2437a *ṭUrXV 'long, large, far' (Drav. *tōr- + Turk. *Turk 'length (of smth.) + Mong. *turuɣ - most probably < Turk. + Sem., Cush.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *tī́ri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thick, plenty

Russian meaning: толстый, обильный

Turkic: *dīri-

Mongolian: *čirgaɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *dir-

Japanese: *(d)ita-

Comments: Дыбо 13.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *dīri-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to live 2 alive 3 to revive

Russian meaning: 1 жить 2 живой 3 оживать

Old Turkic: tirig 2, tiri-l- 3 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: tirig 2, tiri-l- 3 (MK, KB)

Turkish: diri 2, diri-l- 3

Tatar: tere, terek 2

Middle Turkic: tiri (Abush.), tirik, tirig (Sangl.) 2, tiri-l- 3 (Sangl.), (MKypch.) tiri1 (AH)

Uzbek: tirik 2

Uighur: tirik 2

Sary-Yughur: terik 2

Azerbaidzhan: diri 2, diri-l- 3

Turkmen: dīri 2

Khakassian: tǝrǝg 2

Shor: tirig 2, tiri-l- 3

Oyrat: tirü 2, tiri-l- 3

Chuvash: čǝrǝ 2

Yakut: tilin- 'to revive'

Dolgan: tillij- 'to revive'

Tuva: dirig 2, diri-l- 3

Tofalar: dirig 2

Kirghiz: tiri, tirik, tirǖ 2, tiri-l- 3

Kazakh: tiri 2

Noghai: tiri 2

Bashkir: tere 2

Balkar: tiri 2

Gagauz: diri 2

Karaim: tiri 2

Karakalpak: tiri 2

Kumyk: tiri 2

Comments: VEWT 481, EDT 529, 543-544, 547-548, ЭСТЯ 3, 240-242, Егоров 324, Федотов 414, Stachowski 223.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *čirgaɣu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: taut, hard, stiff

Russian meaning: тугой, твердый

Written Mongolian: čirgaɣu (L 191: čirɣaɣuu)

Khalkha: čargū

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *dir-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 thick 2 plentiful (of food) 3 gullet

Russian meaning: 1 толстый 2 обильный (о пище) 3 пищевод

Evenki: diram 1, dirga 3

Even: dịrъ̣m 1

Negidal: dịjam 1

Spoken Manchu: ǯiramǝ 1 (2413)

Literary Manchu: ǯiramin 1, ǯiraχun 'firm, stout'

Ulcha: dịramị 1, dịrgan 2

Orok: ǯịramị 1

Nanai: ǯịramị 1, ǯịrgã 2

Oroch: dijami 1

Udighe: deämi 1, diga- 'to eat, feed'

Solon: dirami 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 207-208.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *(d)ita-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: plentiful, strong

Russian meaning: обильный, чрезвычайный

Old Japanese: ita-

Middle Japanese: ita-

Comments: JLTT 829.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1068

Proto: *tire (*türe)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: full

German meaning: voll

Finnish: tyrehty- 'stocken, sich stauen, gehemmt werden', tyrmä 'steif, starr, unbiegsam', tyrnä 'gespannt, streng, hart', tyrty- 'bis zum Ekel satt werden', tyrtty- 'übersatt werden' ?

Estonian: türn (dial.) 'unanständig (vom Menschen), türnis (dial.) 'aufrecht, sich in hervorragender Stellung befindend' ?

Saam (Lapp): dârrâ- (N) 'steif werden, erstarren, hart werden', tɛ̮̄rra- (Ko. P), tɛ̮rra- (Kld.) 'dicht werden (ein spack gewordener Gegenstand im Wasser)'

Udmurt (Votyak): ti̮r (S), tǝ̑r (K), tị̑r (G) 'voll, Fülle', ti̮r- (S), tǝ̑r- (K), tị̑rị̑- (G) 'füllen; voll werden; satt werden', ti̮rmi̮- (S M), tǝ̑rmǝ̑- (K) 'voll werden'

Komi (Zyrian): ti̮r (S P), tør (PO) 'voll', ti̮r- (S P), tør- (PO) 'voll, gefüllt werden, sich füllen', ti̮rmi̮- (S P) 'ausreichen, genügen, genug sein' ( > Khanty DN tĕrǝm-, Kaz. tărǝm- 'genügen, sich füllen')

Selkup: tiir (NP) 'voll, Füllung', tiir- (B Ke. OO) 'füllen', tīrti̮- (Tur.) 'füllen'

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVRV

Meaning : numerous, full

Eurasiatic : *tVrV

Sino-Caucasian : *TVrV

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *TVrV

Meaning: big, numerous

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *t[ɨ]r numerous

Burushaski: *tVrap full

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *t[ɨ]r

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: numerous

Chinese: 振 *tǝr numerous, in a flock.

Tibetan: ther-ãbum 1000000000; dar to increase, expand

Lushai: tuar in great quantities, in large numbers.

Lepcha: dár to increase as water after rain (?)

Comments: Cf. alternatively OCh. 腆 *thǝ̄rʔ abundant, rich, prosperous.

Chinese characters :

Character: 振

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝrs

Classic Old Chinese: tǝnh

Western Han Chinese: tǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Middle Chinese: ćìn

English meaning : to shake, rouse, alarm; to marshal

Russian meaning[s]: 1) трясти, потрясать, см. 震; 2) возбуждать; воодушевлять; воспрянуть; приводить в движение; 3) спасать; помогать, оказывать материальную помощь, вм. 賑; 4) вытащить, извлечь; поднять; привести в порядок; 5) открывать, вскрывать; 6) бить, сбивать; 7) остановить; 8) Чжэнь (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 舉救也.從手.辰聲.一曰奮也. [603]

Comments: Also used for a homonymous *tǝr-s 'from' (?) (Shi 290,8), as well as for *tǝr (MC ćin, FQ JY 之人, Pek. zhēn) 'be numerous, in a flock; majestic'. In both meanings can be also written as 震. The meaning 'to hold up' given in Shuowen is attested only since Han.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 5639

Karlgren code: 0455 p

Shijing occurrences: 5.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 941

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 振

MC description : 臻開三去震章

ZIHUI: 2182 2058

Beijing: c̣ǝn 3

Jinan: c̣ẽ 3

Xi'an: c̣ẽ 3

Taiyuan: cǝŋ 2

Hankou: cǝn 2

Chengdu: cǝn 2

Yangzhou: cǝn 3

Suzhou: cǝn 31

Wenzhou: caŋ 31

Changsha: c̣ǝn 31

Shuangfeng: ćin 31

Nanchang: cǝn 31

Meixian: cǝn 2

Guangzhou: čan 31

Xiamen: cin 31

Chaozhou: ciŋ 31

Fuzhou: ciŋ 31

Shanghai: cǝŋ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: čiǝn 3

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *tVrap

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: full

Yasin: tap-hék

Hunza: trap, trup, tri

Nagar: trap, trup, tri

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