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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *áŋal-
Meaning : to weep, to grieve
Proto-North Dravidian : *aŋl- Notes : A formerly nominal root, as is seen from the strong position of the inlaut consonant (*áŋal- > aŋ(g)al- in modern languages instead of *aŋál- > *agál-). // Present in 3/6 branches.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *aŋal-
Meaning : to grieve, lament
Tamil : aŋkalāy (-pp-, -tt-)
Tamil meaning : to lament, grieve, sorrow, be envious, covet
Tamil derivates : aŋkalāyppu disquiet, mental worry
Malayalam : aŋkalāykka
Malayalam meaning : to lament, grieve
Malayalam derivates : aŋkalāppu anxiety, worry, disquiet
Kannada : aŋgal
Kannada meaning : to grieve, be afflicted
Kannada derivates : aŋgalārcu, aŋgalācu to cry from grief, grieve, sorrow; aŋgalāpu lamentation, grief
Tulu : aŋgalappu, aŋgalāpa
Tulu meaning : covetousness
Tulu derivates : aŋgụ greed; aŋgiḍpini to be greedy, covetous; aŋgipuni to wish, be greedy of; aŋgele a greedy person, glutton; aŋŋaṇyuni to be greedy of, covet
Notes : Some of the Tulu forms may look as if they are preserving a monosyllabic form of the root. However, external parallels (Telugu, Kurukh) also show a bisyllabic form, which means that in Tulu some of the forms without -l- may have dropped it secondarily (aŋgipuni < *aŋal-puni) while others, like aŋgụ, represent back formations from aŋgipuni, etc.
Number in DED : 0031
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋǝl-
Meaning : desire, liking
Kota : aŋglāpm
Number in DED : 31
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *aŋal-
Meaning : to grieve, lament, cry out from fear, grief, or pain
Telugu : aŋgalārucu
Additional forms : Also aŋgada midfortune, trouble; mental agony, anxiety
Number in DED : 31
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *aŋl-
Meaning : to weep loudly
Kurukh : aŋglnā, aŋgla'ānā
Number in DED : 31
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-dednum,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *jVnV
Meaning: speak, sound
Comments: Altaic *i̯ùjŋula should rather be compared with PDR *áŋal- "to weep, grieve". References: ND 2635 *yän[h/ʔ]V ~ *ʔänh/ʔV 'to speak, say'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùjŋula
Meaning: to weep, howl
Russian meaning: рыдать, выть
Comments: An onomatopaeic root, but with a rather precise phonetic matching between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *ɨjŋa-la-
Meaning: to cry, weep
Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать
Karakhanid: aŋɨla- 'to cry, howl (of a donkey)' (МК) (?)
Turkish: inle-, dial. iŋile-
Tatar: eŋgelde-
Middle Turkic: OKypch. iŋle- (Ettuhf.) Uzbek: ingala-
Azerbaidzhan: inlä-
Turkmen: iŋle-
Khakassian: ɨlɣa-
Shor: ɨlɣa-
Oyrat: ɨjla-
Halaj: ị̄län-
Yakut: ɨj̃ɨla-
Tuva: ɨjɨla-, ɨɨla-
Kirghiz: ɨjla-
Kazakh: ɨnqɨl-da-
Bashkir: ɨjla-
Gagauz: inne-
Karaim: inle-
Karakalpak: ɨŋɨl-da-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-bas,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ujila-
Meaning: to cry, weep
Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать
Written Mongolian: ujila- (L 866) Middle Mongolian: ui'jila- (SH), ujla- (IM), uila-, hujlaūl- (caus.) (MA), ūjla- (Lig.VMI) Khalkha: ujla-
Buriat: ujla-
Kalmuck: ūĺ-
Ordos: ujla-
Dongxian: uila-
Baoan: lā-, la-
Shary-Yoghur: ǖla-
Mogol: uīla-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *ùnàr-
Meaning: to howl, weep
Russian meaning: выть, рыдать
Tokyo: unár-
Kyoto: únár-
Kagoshima: ùnàr-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 43
Proto: *äne
English meaning: voice, sound
German meaning: Stimme, Laut
Finnish: ääni (gen. äänen) 'Stimme; Laut, Ton, Lärm, Klang'
Saam (Lapp): jiednâ-n (N) 'sound, note; voice', jetna (L) 'Laut, Schall, Stimme (von lebenden Wesen wie von Dingen)', jīnn (T Kld.), jienn (Not.), jiññ, iññ (A) 'Stimme, Laut'
Hungarian: ének, énëk 'Gesang, Lied'
Sammalahti's version: *äni
K. Redei's notes: *äCVne
References: FUV; SKES; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-saa,uralet-ugr,uralet-samm2,uralet-redei,uralet-lit,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : JVNV (WVNV)
Meaning : speak, say, sound
Afroasiatic : *yVn- 'say' (Eg., Berb., Cush., Chad.)
Amerind (misc.) : *wuni 'cry' (R 154); ? *wen 'name; call' (R 494) [+ A] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʕwḗnɨ (~ ʔw-, -u)
Meaning: sound; air movement
Comments and references : HGC 50. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwēnɨ (~ -u)
Meaning: air movement; cold, rheumatism
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔVnV Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The phonetic match between the PL form, on one side, and the PN and Av., on the other, is perfect. As for the semantic side, we must postulate the original meaning "movement of air" ( > a) "sound"; b) "wind" > "cold, rheumatism"; both changes are rather frequent typologically).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔān
Meaning: rheumatic pain, rheumatism
Chechen: ān
Ingush: a
Batsbi: ã
Comments: Obl. base *ʔāne-, cf. Chech. ēna-, Ing. ano, Bacb. ani-. 3d class in all languages.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʔVnV
Meaning: rheumatism
Avar: onó-d (dial.)
Comments: The Av. form reflects a former plural in -d. If we take into account the original meaning 'movement of air' ( > 'sound'), we could compare also the Tind. verbal root un- 'to talk, speak' (otherwise isolated).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔʷen
Meaning: sound
Lezghian: wan
Agul: un
Rutul: un
Tsakhur: on
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. on id. In several languages (Ag., Lezg., Rut.) serves as a base for the compound verb 'to hear'. Belongs to the 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh.; oblique base unknown.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔǝm
Meaning: sound, wind
Burmese: am 'to read aloud'
Comments: Cf. Tani *ǝm, Gurung kha-ẽ wind.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 音
Modern (Beijing) reading: yīn
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔǝm
Classic Old Chinese: ʔǝm
Western Han Chinese: ʔǝm
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔǝm
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Middle Chinese: ʔim
English meaning : sound; note; fame
Russian meaning[s]: 1) звук, тон; звучание, чтение (знака); 2) слог, силлабема; концовка слога, рифма; 3) оттенок (тембр) голоса; произношение
Radical: 180
Four-angle index: 1496
Karlgren code: 0653 a-b
Vietnamese reading: âm
Shijing occurrences: 28.3_, 29.3, 32.4_, 33.2_, 35.1
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 868
Character: 音
MC description : 深開三平侵影
ZIHUI: 7299 2139
Beijing: in 11
Jinan: iẽ 11
Xi'an: iẽ 11
Taiyuan: iŋ 1
Hankou: in 11
Chengdu: in 11
Yangzhou: ĩ 11
Suzhou: in 11
Wenzhou: iaŋ 11
Changsha: in 11
Shuangfeng: in 11
Nanchang: in 11
Meixian: jim 11
Guangzhou: jam 11
Xiamen: im 11
Chaozhou: im 11
Fuzhou: iŋ 11
Shanghai: iiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝm 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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