Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ped_-

Meaning : to pick up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : petteng "(Pat.) to peck (i.e. to pick up)"

Kinwat Kolami : petk-

Naikri : pett- "to pick, choose, pick up"

Parji : ped- (pett-) "to pick up, pick (flower), pick out, choose"

Salur Gadba : piy, pī-, piyk- "to pick up weeds, etc."

Kondekor Gadba : piyk- (piyik-) "to select, choose"

Additional forms : Also Parji petk- to pick up, glean

Number in DED : 4423

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ped_-

Meaning : to pick up, collect

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *per_-uk-

Proto-Telugu : *per_-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ped_-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ped_-

Proto-North Dravidian : *pet- (?)

Notes : Unclear if NDR really belongs here; possible if it goes back to *pet_-.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *per_-uk-

Meaning : to pick up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : per_ukku (per_ukki-)

Tamil meaning : to gather, pick up (as stones)

Tamil derivates : por_ukku (por_ukki-) to pick up here and there, glean, pick out, select

Malayalam : per_ukkuka

Malayalam meaning : to pick up, gather one by one, glean, beg

Malayalam derivates : per_ukki beggar

Kannada : hekku

Kannada meaning : to pick up, take up one by one

Kannada derivates : ? hakkalu gleanings; (Hav.) herku to pick, collect

Kodagu : porɨk- (porɨki-)

Kodagu meaning : to pick up (small objects, e. g. bits of broken rice or coins)

Tulu : pejipini, pejjuni

Tulu meaning : to select, choose, pick up, pick or remove stones from paddy or rice

Proto-Nilgiri : *per_-ǝk-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) pijji, (M) hiji, (T) hije to pick up

Notes : Tamil por_ukku probably contaminated with por_u 'to bear'.

Number in DED : 4423

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *per_-ǝk-

Meaning : to pick up small objects

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : per_k- (per_ky-)

Number in DED : 4423

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *per_-

Meaning : to pull out, pluck up, uproot, tear up by the roots or from the foundation

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : per_uku, per(u)ku

Number in DED : 4423

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ped_-

Meaning : to pick up, gather

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *peR-

Konda : per_- (peRt-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *pez-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *peR-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *peR-

Meaning : to pick up, gather

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : parrānā "to pick up from the ground, gather (mahuas)"

Muria Gondi : pehc- "to gather, collect"

Maria Gondi : par̨- "to pile up grain in a stack"

Seoni Gondi : per- "to pick up"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : pehenā, pehetānā "to lift up, pick up"

Adilabad Gondi : per- "to pick up"

Chanda Gondi : persānā "to gather"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_A (SR) perrānā to gather; Gondi_Tr pehkānā to pick up; Gondi_W pahkānā to glean, Gondi_Ph pahkānā to choose; Gondi_M pehkānā to lift, pick; Gondi_S, Gondi_Ko pehk-, Gondi_Ma peʔk- to pick up

Number in DED : 4423

Number in CVOTGD : 2339, 2349, 2355, 2356

Konda etymology :

Konda : per_- (peRt-)

Meaning: to pick, pick up, collect (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 4423

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *pez-

Meaning : to pick up

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : pez- (pest-) "to pick up, lift"

Manda : piy-

Number in DED : 4446

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *peR-

Meaning : to pick up; to collect

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : pebga (<peg-b-; pegd-) "to collect, pick up, peck up, gather"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : pēṛhali "to lift"

Kuwi (Schulze) : perh'nai "to lift, to raise"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : per- (-h-) "to pick up"

Kuwi (Israel) : per- (-h-) "to pick up"

Additional forms : Also Kui pl. action peska (peski-)

Notes : Cf. also 4446.

Number in DED : 4423

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *pet-

Meaning : to gather, pick up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : pesnā (pett-) "to gather up, pick up, glean, choose, pick out by lifting up"

Malto : pet-kame "to pick up food"

Additional forms : Also KUR pesEgnā to weed, cleanse by removing that which is objectionable.

Number in DED : 4423

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *[p]itV

Meaning: to grasp, seize

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: Germ. *fata-, Balt. *pēda-

Altaic: *p`et`V ( ~ p-, -t-)

Uralic: *pitä

Kartvelian: *ṗuṭ-wn-; cf. also Svan. -pdäl 'touch, take'

Dravidian: *piḍ- ; *ped_- 'pick up, collect' 1234; *pat_- 'catch, hold' 1201

References: МССНЯ 339, ND 264 *bit(V)[ʔ]V 'to hold' (Ur, Drav + some Cush., Chad.?); 1824 *P_it/dA 'to hold, grasp, seize' (+ Akk.); 1829 *ṗ[a]ṭV 'to pinch, pluck' (Alt. + Kartv. + Chad.). Two (or more) roots?

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`et`V ( ~ p-, -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pinch

Russian meaning: щипать, брать щепотку

Tungus-Manchu: *pet-

Korean: *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ-

Comments: Lee 1958, 109. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss, with usual vowel loss between two stops in Kor. Cf. *pàt`á. On possible reflexes in Turkic and Mongolian (a result of contamination) see under *p`ắt`à(-kV).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pet-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck, collect

Russian meaning: 1 захватить щепотку, отщипнуть 2 хватать 3 копать, рыть 4 срывать, собирать

Evenki: hetu-kēt- 1

Even: hetъkle- 1

Spoken Manchu: fatǝ- 1, 4 (1165, 1575)

Literary Manchu: fata- 1, fete- 3

Ulcha: patarači- 2

Nanai: pata- (Он.) 4, fete- (Bik., Kur-Urm.) 3

Comments: ТМС 2, 305, 371-372. Forms with -a- reflect a partial contamination with *pāt(i)- q. v. sub *p`ā̀t`à. Rozycki 76 supposes Man. fete- < Mong. ete-, which is impossible due to the absence of *h- in Mongolian (v. sub *ìt`ù).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to pinch, pick, pluck

Russian meaning: срывать, выщипывать

Modern Korean: t:ɨt-, t:a-

Middle Korean: ptɨ́-t-, ptằ-

Comments: Nam 137, 174, KED 380, 532.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 788

Proto: *pitä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to hold

German meaning: halten

Finnish: pitä- 'halten; behalten; für etw. halten, einen, etw. lieben; sollen, müssen' ( > Saam. N bitte -đ- 'stand firm', K T pi̊_itte- 'nötig sein')

Estonian: pida- (pean) 'halten, festhalten; aushalten; sollen, müssen'

Saam (Lapp): bâtte- -đ- (N) 'go to a lonely place in order to calve (of a female reindeer or cow)', pahtē- (L) 'unruhig werden und einen Platz zum Kalben aufsuchen (von einer Rentierkuh)' ?

Mordovian: ped́a- (E) 'sich anschließen, ankleben; eigensinnig anfangen'

Khanty (Ostyak): pit- (V DN O) '(in etw.) fallen, geraten'

Mansi (Vogul): pät- (TJ LU), pǟt- (KU), pat- (So) 'fallen, mausern'

Sammalahti's version: *pitä- + FP *pitä-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṗuṭ-wn-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: щипать (птицу)

English meaning: to pluck (fowl)

Georgian: ṗuṭ(n)-

Megrel: ṗuṭon-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 154.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVTV

Meaning : to seize, press

Eurasiatic : *[p]itV

Sino-Caucasian : *ṗVtV

Austric : PAA *bɨt 'to pinch', *pat, *pac 'squeeze, press', *pit 'shut, cover', PAN *cubit, *gepit 'to pinch, touch, grasp', *zapit 'pinch, squeeze, press', *qapit 'pich, squeeze', Tai *bʔit 'to pluck'

Amerind (misc.) : *pitu 'hand, hold, touch' (GE 106)

Reference : GE 106 *pit.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ṗVtV

Meaning: to shut, press

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *[p]it

Yenisseian: *pVt-

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[p]it

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shut, close

Chinese: 閉 *pīt, *pīts, *prits to shut, close.

Burmese: pit to shut, close.

Kachin: pat³ to obstruct, shut, kǝpat to close.

Comments: Kanauri pid-. Sh. 132. Cf. PAN *kupit 'close, shut' (Sag 36).

Chinese characters :

Character: 閉

Modern (Beijing) reading: bì

Preclassic Old Chinese: pīts

Classic Old Chinese: pīć

Western Han Chinese: pjǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: piǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: piēś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: piḕj

Late Postclassic Chinese: piḕj

Middle Chinese: pièj

English meaning : to shut, obstruct

Russian meaning[s]: 1) закрыть; затворить, замкнуть; 2) блокировать; преградить; завалить; прекратить

Comments: Also read MC piet, OC *pīt id. Cf. also 閟 *prits.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3413

Karlgren code: 0412 a-b

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1317

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 閉

MC description : 蟹開三去祭幫

ZIHUI: 7028 0538

Beijing: pi 3

Jinan: pi 3

Xi'an: pi 3

Taiyuan: pei 3

Hankou: pi 3

Chengdu: pi 3

Yangzhou: pǝi 3

Suzhou: pi 31

Wenzhou: pei 31

Changsha: pei 31

Shuangfeng: pi 31

Nanchang: pi 31

Meixian: pi 3

Guangzhou: pai 31

Xiamen: pi 31

Chaozhou: pi 22

Fuzhou: pie 32

Shanghai: pi 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: pi 3

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pVt-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to press; narrow

Ket: hátam "it is too narrow", háta, hátap 'to press'

Yug: fatɛʔ "it is too narrow", fátiĺejɛsaŋ 'in order to press'

Kottish: ha-pit "to press", hača-pitaŋ "I press", imper. hi-pit; tha-pit 'to milk'

Comments: Werner 1, 302, 305, 306 (w.r.).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *PVt

Meaning: to pinch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *bɨt (cf. also *bʔe:t 'pinch, pierce')

Austroasiatic meaning: to pinch (a loan?)

Proto-Austronesian: *cubit, *gepit, *upit pinch, touch, grasp; *buat 'harvest fruits' (also *butbut, *putput 'pluck', *bitbit 'hold with fingers')

Austronesian meaning: to pinch, touch, grasp

Austronesian code: 6:4; 9:7

Proto-Thai: bʔit

Thai meaning: to pluck

Notes: Cf. *PVt

References: Ben 335, Peiros 1998, 96.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bɨt

Meaning: to pinch

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: bʔit to pluck

Khmer: chbɨt

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: chbɨt

Meaning: a pinch of smth.

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

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