Konda etymology : List with all references

Proto-South Dravidian : *ir_-

Meaning : tight

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ir_uku (ir_uki-)

Tamil meaning : to become tight (as a knot), harden (as land dried by the sun, molten, metals when they are cooled), become dry (as mortar or clay), thicken (as phlegm), congeal, coagulate, solidify, become firm, be fixed or rooted in

Tamil derivates : ir_ukku (ir_ukki-) to tighten, tie close or hard, make compact, repress, restrain, drive in (as a nail); n. pressure, coercion, reproof, hard knot; ir_ukkam tightness, compactness, rigidness, niggardliness; ir_ukkan_ miser; ir_ukal contraction; ir_umpu thicket, shrub, bush; ikku danger, trouble; ikkaṭṭu trouble, difficulty, straitened circumstances

Malayalam : ir_ukuka

Malayalam meaning : to become tight, close

Malayalam derivates : ir_ukkuka to tie tight, catch as a crab, (river) to have a narrow bed; ir_ukkam, ir_ukku tightness, covetousness; ikku trouble; ikkaṭṭu straits, difficulty; īr_r_a stinginess, a miser; īr_r_an miser; īr_r_ikka to keep tenaciously, lay up

Kannada : ir_aku, ir_iku, ir_uku, irku, ir_aŋku, ir_iŋku, ir_uŋku, ir_i

Kannada meaning : to be closely confined, be compressed or squeezed; confine, compress, squeeze, press, pinch

Kannada derivates : ir_aku, ir_iku, irku, ikku state of being close, confined, squeezed, or straitened; irkaṭṭu, ikkaṭṭu state of having little room from side to side, narrowness as that of a door, state of being strait or difficult to pass; ir_uku state of being close, etc., a narrow place, a thicket; ir_a, ir_i, ir_u state of being confined, tight, or close; ir_akisu, ir_ikisu, ir_ukisu, ir_uŋkisu, irkisu to press, squeeze; ir_ube, ir_uvu, ir_uve a throng, crowd, large number; ir_umbu a narrow place; hardness, harshness

Tulu : iriyuni

Tulu meaning : to rub or squeeze between the hands, knead

Tulu derivates : ikkaṭṭụ narrowness, difficulty, straitness, poverty; irbuliyuni to curdle as milk

Proto-Nilgiri : *ir- (*-r_-)

Irula : irugu

Irula meaning : become tight

Notes : Ir. 114.

Number in DED : 0524

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ir- (*-r_-)

Meaning : tight, difficult

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : irg- (irgy-) "to become tight, be compressed, be tightly wedged in"

Toda : ikoṭ "difficulty, narrowness of path"

Additional forms : Also Kota irk- (irky-) to tighten (clothes), pinch, press tightly in crowd; ikaṭ obstruction, esp. on narrow path so that one cannot pass

Notes : Kota ikaṭ, Toda ikoṭ < PN *i-kaṭ < *ir-kaṭ. More probable, however, is that both forms are borrowed from Tamil ikkaṭṭu, because the loss of -r- in Toda is irregular (PN *-rk- > Toda -šk-, PN *-rǝk- > Toda -ṣk-).

Number in DED : 524

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ir_-

Meaning : to be squeezed, go or get into an insufficient space, be stuck in; squeeze or thrust into a narrow place; n. a narrow place, a lane; adj. narrow, incommodious

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ir_uku

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : ir_i "tight (of embrace), narrow (of path), slender"

Additional forms : Also ir_umu a covert, hiding place; ir_iyu to be squeezed, crushed, jammed; (K) ir_iyincu to keep together (fingers of hand), hold tight; [1] ikku-pāṭu, [2] ikkaṭṭu calamity, difficulty, hardship, trouble; ibbandi difficulty, inconvenience; immudappu trouble, difficulty

Number in DED : 524

Konda etymology :

Gondwan etymology :

Dravidian etymology :

South Dravidian etymology :

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Telugu etymology :