Konda etymology :

Konda : toko

Meaning: bark, rind

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 5339

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tok-

Meaning : bark, rind

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : toko

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tok-

Meaning : bark, rind

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tok-

Proto-Telugu : *tokk-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tok-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tok-

Notes : B&E join this root with *tōl "skin" (explaining the latter as a contraction *tōl < *tok-al), but external evidence speaks in favour of two different roots, and besides, such a contraction is rather hard to justify even on purely Dravidian territory.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tok-

Meaning : skin, bark, rind

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tokku

Tamil meaning : skin, bark, rind

Malayalam : tokku

Malayalam meaning : skin

Malayalam derivates : tukal skin as of fruit

Kannada : togal, toval

Kannada meaning : skin, hide, leather, skin of fruit

Tulu : tugalụ

Tulu meaning : skin, bark, rind

Notes : Contaminated with *tōl 'skin'.

Number in DED : 3559

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tokk-

Meaning : skin, bark, rind

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tokka

Number in DED : 3559

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tok-

Meaning : bark

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Salur Gadba : tokkā

Additional forms : Also Salur tokkā rind of fruit.

Number in DED : 5339

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)

Meaning: bark, cover

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *dhweg- ?

Altaic: *t`i̯úgo (cf. also *dáku)

Uralic: *tojV

Dravidian: *tok-

Comments: Cf. also Sam. forms (cited in Redei 798): Nen. toʔ (O) 'Decke', tontā- 'bedecken, zudecken', Ngan. t́ụi 'Decke', Selk. tāgada 'bedecken (mit einem Tuch)', Kam. tшjdшl- 'decken, bedecken'.

Indo-European etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`i̯úgo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cover

Russian meaning: покрышка

Turkic: *Tugur

Mongolian: *tuɣurga

Tungus-Manchu: *tüksa

Korean: *tù'ǝ́i

Japanese: *tu-i

Comments: KW 413, Лексика 515. In Kor. cf. also thúkú 'helmet'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Tugur

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 a k. of tent 2 tent covering

Russian meaning: 1 вид шатра 2 покрышка шатра

Turkish: turluk (dial.) 2

Middle Turkic: tuɣur 1, tuɣurluq 2 (Pav. C.)

Turkmen: durluq 2

Kirghiz: tūrduq 2

Kazakh: tuwɨrluq 2

Karakalpak: tuwɨrluq 2

Comments: Лексика 515. Tur. turluk, Turkm. durluG show irregular reflexation; we may be dealing with some interlingual loans here; the quality of the initial dental in PT is thus not quite clear.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *tuɣurga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: felt walls (covering) of a house

Russian meaning: войлочные стенки юрты

Written Mongolian: tuɣurɣa (L 839)

Middle Mongolian: to'urqa, tu'urqa (SH)

Khalkha: tūrga

Buriat: tūrga

Kalmuck: tūrɣǝ

Ordos: tūrGa

Comments: KW 413. Mong. > Oyr. tūrɣa. Cf. also WMong. tuɣurma, Kalm. tūrmǝ id.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tüksa

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: house cover made of birch bark

Russian meaning: берестяная покрышка (жилища)

Evenki: tiksa

Even: tịs

Negidal: tịksa

Literary Manchu: tuqsa

Ulcha: tụịqsa

Nanai: tịsa (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: tuksa

Udighe: tukeä, tukä

Comments: ТМС 2, 179.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tù'ǝ́i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: covering, cover

Russian meaning: покрышка, крышка

Modern Korean: t:uk:ǝŋ

Middle Korean: tù'ǝ́i

Comments: Nam 166, KED 501.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tu-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: grass for roof covering

Russian meaning: трава (для крыши)

Old Japanese: ti (tu-)

Tokyo: chi

Comments: JLTT 545. For -u- cf. tu-bana 'flower of the ti grass'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1073

Proto: *tojV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: birch bark

German meaning: Birkenrinde

Udmurt (Votyak): tuj (S G), tu̇j (K) 'Birkenrinde', tuji̮s (S M) 'Schachtel von Birkenrinde' ( > Mari U tujǝ̑š, B tüjüs, M tüjüś)

Komi (Zyrian): toj (altsyrj.) 'береста', tů^.jis (PO) 'бурак' (altsyrj. *to̯jis > Russ. ту́ес, ту́ис, ту́яс > Finn. dial. tujainen 'kleinere Flasche von Birkenrinde', dial. tujassu, tuijusa, tuijutsa, Saam. Not. tujas, Kld. tùjas, tùi̯jas, T ti̮i̯`s, Mari tujs; Komi or Russ. > Khanty V tujǝs, C tüjǝs, O tujes, Mansi So. tujǝs; Mansi > Nen. O tujos)

Nenets (Yurak): täe 'Birkenrinde; Zeltdecke aus Birkenrinde'

Enets (Yen): tē (c̣ɦ.), te (B) 'Birkenrinde'

Nganasan (Tawgi): t́ie

Selkup: tö́ (Ta.), twé (Ke.), tye (NP), tjye (Čl. OO), tȫ (Tur.)

Kamass: šo ?

Janhunen's version: (119) *tu/oji6

Sammalahti's version: *tu/oji6

Addenda: Koib. тоё 'чашка'

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : cover

Eurasiatic : *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)

Afroasiatic : *dag-

Amerind (misc.) : *teku 'cover' ? (R 152)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-

Meaning: hide

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *dVgVy- 'cover'

Egyptian: dgy (ME) 'hide'

Western Chadic: *dag- 'hide'

Central Chadic: *dug-

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1775

Proto-Semitic: *dVgVy-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cover'

Arabic: dgy

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: dgy (ME)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hide'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *dag-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hide'

Warji: dagǝ {SkNb]

Kariya: dagǝ

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *dug-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cover' 1, 'close' 2

Munjuk: dugi 1 [TMnj]

Musgoy: dùgí 2 [TMlw]

Notes: Cf. a redupl.Mofu -dád ǝg- 'burry' [BMof]

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