Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *aj-/*jaj-

Meaning : mother; woman

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : aia, aiali, aja, ia, ija, ijali "mother, woman"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : īya "mother"

Kuwi (Schulze) : īya "mother, woman"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : aya (pl. -ska) "woman"

Parja Kuwi : aya (pl. -ska) "woman"

Kuwi (Israel) : āya (pl. -ska/-sika) "woman, wife"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_F māiya my mother, māya your mother; aiya woman; Kuwi_S māyia my, our mother, mīya your mother; Kuwi_Su iya (pl. -ska) mother; mīya your mother

Notes : The forms *aya and *yaya actually had different meanings in PK (as well as in PDR) - 'woman' and 'mother' respectively. However, in modern dialects they have been often contaminated, as in Kui. Moreover, some Kuwi dialects have inherited PDR possessive forms, or, rather, the tendency of their "possessivisation": the form māiya goes back to *mā-yaya 'us + mother', while Kuwi_F māya and Kuwi_S mīya go back to *mī-yaya 'you + mother'. The initial *y- in the form for 'mother' has to be postulated principally because of different vocalism in these two forms (cf. PK *yamb- > Kuwi_F amb-, Kuwi_S imb-). In Kuwi_F *yaya > *īya (and not *āya, which would have been regular) because of the influence of the following -y- (like *yambi > imbi because of the following -i-). In Kui the variants -i- and -j- seem to be free; the variant -j- should be the regular one, but we may suggest that the variant with -i- has been preserved for expressive reasons. As for other Kui dialects, it is hard to say whether some of them have lost one of the two forms (*aya and *yaya), having generalized the other one for both meanings, or whether they have merged phonetically, since reflexes of PK *ya- are unknown. Thus, Kuwi_Isr āya may reflect aya, having lost the form *yaya, or may represent both of them, if we suggest a development *ya- > ā- (indeed, the second explanation is preferable, since otherwise it is impossible to explain the vowel length).

Number in DED : 364

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aj-

Meaning : mother, woman

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *jāj-/*māj-/*mīj-

Konda : aya (pl. ayek)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aj-a/*jaj-a/*tjaj-a

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *aj-/*jaj-

Notes : The root was heavily used with posessive prefixes. The most frequent form is *yay- 'my mother'. In some dialects this form became generalized, with the following shift of meaning: 'my mother' > 'mother in general', 'mother' > 'woman'. A new form, based on the 1st person pl. pronoun (Gondi māy-, Kuwi māya) resulted from the loss of initial y- and the secondary merger of the simple and the prefixed forms.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *jāj-/*māj-/*mīj-

Meaning : mother; female

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : yāyāl "mother"

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : māī "female"

Gommu Gondi : iyāl "mother"

Muria Gondi : ayal "mother"

Maria Gondi : mīyal "your mother"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : yāyo "mother"

Mandla Gondi : māyi "wife, woman"

Chindwara Gondi : māyo "mother"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_W maijū wife

Notes : The form *māy- means 'my mother', while *mīy- is 'your mother'

Number in DED : 364

Number in CVOTGD : 69, 180, 2796, 2854, 3007

Konda etymology :

Konda : aya (pl. ayek)

Meaning: mother

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda ayma woman, wife; ayli daughter, girl; yāya mother (related to 1st or 2nd person); aysi id. (related to 3rd person)

Number in DED : 364

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aj-a/*jaj-a/*tjaj-a

Meaning : mother

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : aya, iya

Manda : aya

Additional Forms : Also Pengo aya-taṛi woman; teya female of animal; teyhi mother (related to 3rd person); Manda taya female of animal

Notes : In Manda two protoforms (*yay- originally meaning 'my mother') merged phonetically.

Number in DED : 364

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *aj-

Meaning : mother

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *āj

Proto-Telugu : *t-āj-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aj

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aj-

Proto-North Dravidian : *aj-a

Notes : The word was used with pronominal prefixes in PDR: *tāy 'his, her mother', etc. (some of these forms are innovative). The vowel was presumably long only in prefixed forms, and later was analogized in such languages as Tamil (āy 'mother').

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *āj

Meaning : mother; woman

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : āy, āyi, yāy, ñāy

Tamil meaning : mother

Tamil derivates : āycci, ācci mother, grandmother; āccāḷ mother; āyāḷ mother, grandmother, old woman; (yāy my mother, ñāy thy mother; Kur_unt 40); tāy mother; tāycci wet nurse, pregnant woman; tāyār mother, Lakṣmī; tāymai motherhood

Malayalam : ācci

Malayalam meaning : mother, grandmother

Malayalam derivates : tāyi mother

Kannada : āyi, tāy, tāyi, tāye

Kannada meaning : mother

Kodagu : tāyi

Kodagu meaning : grandmother

Tulu : tāyi

Tulu meaning : mother

Proto-Nilgiri : *t-āj

Number in DED : 0364

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *t-āj

Meaning : mother (in songs)

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : tōy

Number in DED : 364

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *t-āj-

Meaning : mother

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tāyi

Number in DED : 364

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aj

Meaning : mother

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : ay

Naikri : ayma "woman"

Parji : ayal (pl. aycil) "woman, wife"

Ollari Gadba : ā̆ya

Salur Gadba : āya

Additional forms : Also Naikri ayka (pl. -śikuḷ) husband's elder sister; Parji iya (pl. iyov) mother; Ollari ayal woman, wife; asmal woman; Salur ayāl wife; āsmal woman

Number in DED : 364

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *aj-a

Meaning : mother

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : ayaŋg "mother (without explicit reference to the children)"

Malto : ayya "my mother"

Additional forms : Also KUR ayō mother (iŋgyō, niŋgyō, taŋgyō my, thy [his, her, their] mother); MLT ijjo thy or your mother; teho his, her, or their mother.

Number in DED : 364

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔVjV ?

Meaning: mother

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? Germ. aiþī 'mother'

Uralic: Sam. *ija 'mother'

Dravidian: *aj-

References: ND 102 *ʔ[ä]yV 'mother' (suggests that this is the origin of the fem. marker *j/*i in Sem., IE and Alt.).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVJV

Meaning : mother

Eurasiatic : *ʔVjV ?

Afroasiatic : *ʔj- 'mother' (Cush., Omot.)

Sino-Caucasian : PEC *jājV 'mother, grandmother'

Austric : *ja

Amerind (misc.) : *ʔaya 'woman' (GE 1)

African (misc.) : ? Bantu *-nyàŋgú, *-nyàŋgó 'mother'.

Reference : ND 102; GE 1 (+ Khois., NC, NS, ?IP, Nahali; different SC).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ja

Meaning: grandmother

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ja

Austroasiatic meaning: grandmother

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao *ja 'father's sister'

Proto-Austronesian: Atayal jajaʔ 'mother', Pazeh jah 'older sister'

Proto-Thai: ja:j.A grandmother (from mother's side); ja:.B grandmother; *ja 'mother, grandmother'

References: GE 1 (with more data)

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ja

Meaning: grandmother

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: ja:j.A grandmother (from mother's side);ja:.B grandmother

Proto-Katuic: *jaʔ

Proto-Bahnaric: *jaʔ

Khmer: ja:j < OK ja:

Proto-Vietic: RUCL ja.1

Proto-Monic: M ja:j T?

Proto-Palaungic: *jVʔ

Proto-Khmu: *jaʔ

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *jaʔ

Meaning: old woman

Presyllable: #/ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *jaʔ

Proto-East Katuic: NGE jaʔ

Notes: may be borrowed from a Tai source

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *jaʔ

Meaning: old woman

Presyllable: #/ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: jaʔ.L

Bru Van Keu meaning: old woman

Bru: ʔǝjaʔ.B

Bru meaning: a title for woman

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *jaʔ

Meaning: grandparent

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: jaʔ

Bahnar meaning: grandmother

Proto-North Bahnaric: *jaʔ.T

Proto-West Bahnaric: *jaʔ, ʔǝ-/#

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ja / *jaʔ

Harak: ja:ʔ, jaʔ T?

References: PNB-310, JS-139, TB7.44

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *jaʔ.T

Meaning: grandmother

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: jaʔ.T

Rengao meaning: grandmother

Jeh form: jaʔ.T

Jeh meaning: grandmother

Sedang form: ja.L

Sedang meaning: grandmother

Hre form: jaʔ.T

Hre meaning: grandmother

References: PNB-310

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *jaʔ, ʔǝ-/#

Meaning: grandparent

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: ʔjaʔ ʔjɔ:

Jaru meaning: male ancestors; ʔjaʔ ʔjie female ancestors

Nhaheung form: jaʔ jɔ

Nhaheung meaning: grandfather; jaʔ jie grandmother

Brao form: jaʔ

Brao meaning: grandparent

References: JS-139

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ja / *jaʔ

Meaning: grandmother

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ja:

Kaseng: ja:

Yaeh: ja:

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *ja / *jaʔ

Meaning: grandmother

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: ja:ʔ, jaʔ T?

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ja:j

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: ja:

Old Khmer Meaning: grandmother

References: P384

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: paternal grandfather

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Arem: ʔujæ: pìǝʔ

Proto-Ruc: *ja.1

Ruc (Russian field rec.): ja:.1 paternal grandmother

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): ja:.1

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): ja:.1

Ruc meaning: paternal grandfather

References: NTF30, NVL135

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *jVʔ

Proto-Plang: *jaʔ

Proto-De'ang: *ja:

Riang: jâʔ.2

Riang meaning: wife, grandmother

Proto-Angku: *jaʔ

Lamet: ja:ʔ.2 father's mother

Danaw: jaʔ.1 father's mother

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: father's mother

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: jiɛʔ.B

Paraok meaning: father's mother

Ava: jaʔ

Lawa: jeʔ, jɨǝʔ

Lawa meaning: father's mother

Um: jɨa F??

Wa (dial.): jaʔ.2

Wa (dial.) meaning: father's mother

References: D-112: *jaʔ

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *jaʔ

Meaning: father's mother

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: jaʔ.2

Bulang meaning: father's mother

Konto: jaʔ.1, ʔa- T??

Konto meaning: father's mother

Samtao (Paulsen): jaʔ, ʔa-

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: father's mother

Samtao (Diffloth): jaʔ.2

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: father's mother

References: P-190: *jaʔ.2

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *ja:

Meaning: father's mother

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: jia:

De'ang-1: ja:

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *jaʔ

Meaning: father's mother

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: jaʔ.55

Gantang: ja.55

U: ńa.3 < *ńa: ???

References: WW-321; S-108

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