North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *qop-

Meaning : to heap, pile up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : xoppnā "to form into a pile, heap up"

Malto : qope "to heap, pile up; n. heap, pile"

Additional forms : Also KUR xoprnā to be heaped up; xopOrxolā, (Bleses also) xoporkā abundant, swarming; MLT qopre to come together, assemble.

Number in DED : 1731

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kup-

Meaning : heap; stack

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kup-

Proto-Telugu : *kupp-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kop-/*kup-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kup-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qop-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kup-

Meaning : heap

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kuppam

Tamil meaning : multitude, heap

Tamil derivates : kuppal heap, as of manure, mound, multitude; kuppai heap, mound, sweepings, rubbish, excrement, dung

Malayalam : kuppa

Malayalam meaning : heap of dirt or refuse

Kannada : kuppe, guppe

Kannada meaning : heap, pile, dunghill

Kannada derivates : kuppaḷisu to heap, amass; kuppu to heap up; koppal heap

Kodagu : kuppɨ

Kodagu meaning : a dropping of dung

Tulu : kuppè, guppè, kippè, kompa, kompè

Tulu meaning : heap

Proto-Nilgiri : *kip (??)

Number in DED : 1731

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kip

Meaning : rubbish

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kip "heap of weeds, rubbish"

Toda : kɨp

Additional forms : Also Kota ki(p) pāc rubbish heap near house where people defecate, defecation

Number in DED : 1731

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kupp-

Meaning : heap, pile, collection, assmeblage, (MBE 1978) heap of dirt, dungheap

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kuppa

Additional forms : Also guppu to place in heaps or lots; kuppãgūra abundance; in heaps, abundantly; [1] kopparamu, [2] kopramu increase, rise, swell; kopparincu to increase, rise, swell; kopparinta increasing

Number in DED : 1731

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kop-/*kup-

Meaning : to fill; heap, stack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : kupp kal- "to gather"

Parji : kuppa "stack, mound"

Ollari Gadba : kop- "to be full, (river) overflows"

Salur Gadba : kuppā "heap"

Kondekor Gadba : kop- "to be full"

Additional forms : Also Parji kopp- to be full; kopip- (kopit-) to fill up; kopa full; koppa small hillock; Ollari kope hill, forest; Gadba_S3 kopup- to fill (tr.); koppen full

Notes : Evidence for two roots here, indeed, confirmed by external data.

Number in DED : 1731

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kup-

Meaning : heap, stack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kup-

Konda : kupa

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kup-a

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kup-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kup-

Meaning : heap, stack

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Muria Gondi : kupa

Maria Gondi : guppa

Seoni Gondi : kuppa

Koya Gondi : kuppa

Maria Gondi (Lind) : kupā kiyānā "to gather together"

Adilabad Gondi : kuppa

Additional forms : Also Gondi_L kupāhanā to gather, collect

Number in DED : 1731

Number in CVOTGD : 760

Konda etymology :

Konda : kupa

Meaning: heap (of grain)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda kumba small conical heap

Number in DED : 1731

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kup-a

Meaning : heap

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kupa "heap, stack"

Manda : kupa

Additional Forms : Also Pengo kupli mound of earth; Manda kupki- to fill

Number in DED : 1731

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kup-

Meaning : hillock, mound

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kupa "hillock"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kūpa "mound"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kuppu ānai "to overfill"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kupli "hillock"

Parja Kuwi : kuppa "stack"

Notes : B & E put here also Kui kopa hump, cow's hump, which should instead belong to 1743; and Kuwi_Su gu'u hump of ox, which they put also in 1927 where it should belong indeed. Typical for our friends.

Number in DED : 1731

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳuṗV

Meaning: heap

Indo-European: *koup-

Altaic: *kŏp`é

Uralic: BF *käpü 'cone (of conifers) [or *käppä 'hill' - if not < Balt. *kapa-s]

Kartvelian: *ḳoṗ-

Dravidian: *kup- (also *gubb- 'knob, protuberance')

References: МССНЯ 346, ОСНЯ 1, 366-367; ND 1113 *ḳuP_V 'heap, cone, protuberance' (+Sem.). Cf. *güpA (with a lot of confusion).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kAup-, -b-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: heap

Avestan: kaofa- `Berg, Kamelbuckel'

Other Iranian: OPers kaufa- `Berg', NPers kōh `Berg'

Old Greek: kǘpro-s m. `Getreidemass'

Slavic: *kū́pa, *kūpъ, *kūprъ

Baltic: *kaûp-a- / *kaũp-a- c., *kaũp- vb. tr., *kaûp-in- vb., *kaũp-r-a- c., -iā̃ f., *kup-et-ā̂, -at-ā̂, -en-ā̂ f., *kup-in-a- adj.; *kō̂p-ā̂ (1); *kaũb-a- c., *kaũb-ur-a c., *kaũb-iā̃ (*2) f.

Germanic: *xu[b]-a- n., *xuf-r-a- m., *xub-il=; *xaup-a- m.~n.

Russ. meaning: куча

References: WP I 370 f, Buck 25.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kaûp-a- / *kaũp-a- c., *kaũp- vb. tr., *kaûp-in- vb., *kaũp-r-a- c., -iā̃ f., *kup-et-ā̂, -at-ā̂, -en-ā̂ f., *kup-in-a- adj.; *kō̂p-ā̂ (1); *kaũb-a- c., *kaũb-ur-a c., *kaũb-iā̃ (*2) f.

Meaning: heap, hill

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: káupa-s, kaũpa-s `Haufen, Anhäufung, Uebermass', kaũpti, káupinti `scharrend häufen, aufhäufen, ansammeln', kaũpra-s, -ē `kleine Boden erhebung, Erdhügel'; kùpeta, -ena `kleiner Heuoder Getreidehaufen', kùpina- `gehäuft, voll, reich an etw.', kúopa `Schar, Haufen' { kuprà Höcker }; || kaũbra-s, kaũbrē, kaubrē̃ 'Hügel, Bodenerhebung, Bergkuppe', kaũbura-s, -ī̃-s 'dass., Auswuchs, Höcker, Beule',

Lettish: kupata `Heuschober', kupena `Haufen', kupene, kupenis `Schneehaufen', kaùpre<sup>2</sup> `kleiner Hügel, Hügelrücken', kuõpa, kuops `Haufe; Bund, Bündel; Menge' || kaub[urs] 'Hügel'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xu[b]a-n, *xufra-z, *xubil=; *xaupa-

Meaning: hump, hill

IE etymology: IE etymology

Norwegian: hov n. `Anhöhe, kleiner Hügel'

Old English: hofer (hofr, hofor), -es m. `hump, swelling'; hēap

English: heap

Old Saxon: huvil `Hugel'; hovaradi `gebochelt'; hōp

Middle Dutch: hōvel, hoevel, huevel m. `heuvel, bochel'; hōver `bult'

Dutch: heuvel m.

Old Franconian: huvil (9.Jh.) `Anhöhe'

Middle Low German: hȫvel `hügel, Haufen, Höcker'

Old High German: hovar `Buckel' (9.Jh.), hubil `Hügel'; houf

Middle High German: hübel, hubel st. m. {hobel, huvel} `hügell'; hover st. m. `Höcker, Buckel; ein Buckliger'

German: frühnhd. Hofer, dial. Hübel

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kŏp`é

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend; elevation, convexity

Russian meaning: гнуть, изгибать(ся); выпуклость, возвышение

Turkic: *göpe(ne)

Mongolian: *köb- / *küb-

Tungus-Manchu: *kupe-

Korean: *kòp-, *kùp-

Japanese: *kǝmpu

Comments: Cf. *gi̯ṓp`e, *k`àpe (in Mong. and TM also a partial contamination with *kup`e 'light, float'). See also notes to *k`ep`orV 'curved bone'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *göpe(ne)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: haystack

Russian meaning: стог сена

Turkish: geben

Tatar: kübe

Chuvash: koba

Tuva: xöpēn

Bashkir: kübɛ

Kumyk: keben

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 15, 80, Федотов 1, 308-309. Turk. > Hung. kepe 'sheaf', see Gombocz 1912.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *köb- / *küb-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to bend, incline 2 arch, convex, convexity 3 to swell 4 mountain ridge 5 bow-string

Russian meaning: 1 наклонять, склоняться 2 дуга, выпуклый, выпуклость 3 раздуваться 4 горный хребет 5 тетива

Written Mongolian: köbüre-, küber- 1, köbügür, kübügür 2, köbkeji- 3, köbči 4 (L 475, 476, 477)

Middle Mongolian: k[o]bči 5 (IM), kubči, kubčin (MA 219)

Khalkha: xüvre- 1, xövxij- 3, xövč 4, 5

Buriat: xübše 4, 5

Kalmuck: köwkǝ- 3, köwčǝ 4, 5 (КРС)

Dagur: kubeči 5 (MD 184)

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kupe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to swell up 2 hill, mound 3 convex

Russian meaning: 1 вздуваться, распухать 2 холм, бугор 3 выпуклый

Evenki: kepe- 1, kupike, kuwudek 2

Negidal: kupe- 1

Ulcha: kubdu 2

Nanai: kubdū 2, kupul-kupul 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 422, 434, 452. The root actively contaminates with *kepu- 'to drift, float on the surface' (v. sub *kup`e).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kòp-, *kup-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be bent

Russian meaning: быть изогнутым

Modern Korean: kop-, kup-

Middle Korean: kòp-, kup-

Comments: Nam 52, 63, KED 163, 220.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝmpu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: lump, hump

Russian meaning: шишка, горб

Tokyo: kobú

Kyoto: kòbû

Kagoshima: kóbu

Comments: JLTT 453. PJpn. accent is unclear.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 269

Proto: *käppä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hill

German meaning: Hügel

Finnish: kääppä 'Hügel, steiniger Boden in der Mitte des Ackers, Steinhaufen'

Estonian: kääp (gen. kääba), kääbas (gen. kääpa) 'aufgeworfener Hügel, Grabhügel'

Mansi (Vogul): käp (TJ KU P), kap (LO) 'Hügel'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳoṗ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

English meaning: lump / bump on one's head

Georgian: ḳoṗ-

Svan: ḳweṗ- id.; button of clothing

Notes and references: ND 1113.

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