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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *qōcl
Meaning : bone
Kurukh : xōcol
Malto : qoclu
Notes : В малто сокращение долготы в результате закрытия слога.
Number in DED : 2188
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-notes,ndret-dednum,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kōc- (?)
Meaning : bone
Proto-North Dravidian : *qōcl Notes : Isolated PNDR form with no parallels.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-ndr,dravet-notes,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳač`V
Meaning: bone
Kartvelian: Georg. ḳoč̣- 'ankle'
Comments: [For PA cf. perhaps rather PIE *iks- 'groin' 251; or *koks-?]
References: ОСНЯ 1, 344; ND 999 *ḳ[o]čV ~ *ḳ[o]č̣V 'bone'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *kost-
Meaning: bone, rib
Latin: costa f. `Rippe', pl. `Seite, Seitenwände'
Russ. meaning: кость, ребро
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: кость,
Near etymology: -и ж., укр. кiсть, род. п. ко́сти, ст.-слав. кость ὀστέον "кость", болг. кост, сербохорв. ко̑ст, род. п. ко̏сти, словен. kȏst, род. п. -ȋ, чеш. kost, слвц. kоst᾽, польск. kość, в.-луж., н.-луж. kosć.
Further etymology: Родственно лат. соstа "ребро", ср. сербохорв. ко̑ст "ребро" (РJА 5, 371); см. И. Шмидт, Kritik 158; Бернекер 1, 582 и сл.; Педерсен, Kelt. Gr. 1, 85. Здесь предполагают существование и.-е. приставки k- и пытаются сблизить с др.-инд. ásthi ср. р. "кость", авест. ast-, asti-, греч. ὀστέον, лат. ōs, ossis "кость"; см. Мерингер, Beitr. 42; Мейе, Baudouinowi dе Соurtеnау 1 и сл.; RS 9, 74; RЕS 3, 197; 5, 9, Geiger-Festschrift 235; Ét. 262; Перссон 526; Мейе--Эрну 260 и сл. По мнению Мейе (Baudouinowi dе Соurtеnау, там же), это была первонач. основа среднего рода на -i. Миккола (Ursl. Gr. 3, 40) исходит из *osthr̥k-, предполагая метатезу k, что остается сомнительным. Неприемлемо объяснение из лат. соstа от *сохtа -- к соха "бедро" вопреки Видеману (ВВ 28, 15 и сл.; см. Бернекер, там же; Вальде--Гофм. 1, 281), а также сравнение с др.-инд. kī́kasā ж. "позвоночный столб" (Петерссон, AfslPh 36, 137; IF 35, 271) и с др.-инд. kāṣṭhám, kā́ṣṭham "полено" (Погодин, РФВ 32, 273).
Trubachev's comments: [Ср. еще Георгиев, Въпроси, стр. 18. -- Т.]
Pages: 2,349
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-trubachev,vasmer-pages,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1011
Root: kost-
English meaning: leg; bone
German meaning: `Bein, Knochen'
Material: Lat. costa f. `Rippe'; abg. kostь f. `Knochen' (skr. kôst `Rippe'). Annahme eines k-Präfixes (zu lat. os usw.) unglaubhaft.
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 281.
Pages: 616
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`ā́sa
Meaning: place between limbs
Russian meaning: место между конечностей
Comments: Closed *ạ̄ in Turkic is not clear.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kạ̄sɨk
Meaning: groin
Russian meaning: пах
Old Turkic: qasɨɣ (OUygh.)
Turkish: kasɨk
Tatar: qasɨq
Middle Turkic: qasɨq (IM, R - Vam.) Azerbaidzhan: GasɨG
Turkmen: Gāsɨq
Chuvash: xɨza
Bashkir: qaɵɨq (dial.)
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-chv,turcet-bas,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kasa
Meaning: crotch
Russian meaning: внутренняя сторона бедра
Written Mongolian: qasa (МХТТТ) Khalkha: xas
Buriat: xahä (Barg.-Bur., DO 296) Ordos: Gasa
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-ord,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xasa-kī
Meaning: wing
Russian meaning: крыло
Evenki: asakī
Even: asịqị
Negidal: asaxị̄
Spoken Manchu: asǝhǝ 'wing, fin' (2293)
Literary Manchu: asχa
Ulcha: χasalị
Orok: χasa
Nanai: χasar
Oroch: asi
Comments: ТМС 1, 54. TM > Dag. ačikī, ašikī (Тод. Даг. 122). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kàsằm
Meaning: breast
Russian meaning: грудь
Modern Korean: kasɨm
Middle Korean: kàsằm
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1289
Proto: *kask3
English meaning: rump, middle of the body
German meaning: Kreuz (des Körpers), Mitte des Körpers
Mordovian: kaśke (E) (ERS), kaska 'крестец, крестцовая кость' (M) (Jevs., mitg. Toiv.: Vir. 1953: 351)
Udmurt (Votyak): kus (kusk-) (S), ku̇s (ku̇sk-) (K) 'Hüfte, Mitte des Leibes', (Wichm.) G kus 'Kreuz (am Körper), Taille'
Komi (Zyrian): kos 'Lenden, Mitte des Körpers' (S P), (Uot., mitg. E. Itk.: FUF 31 :274) SO ko̯s 'Kreuz (am menschlichen Körper)', PO kusk 'Kreuz'
K. Redei's notes: Das irrtümlich zu den perm. Wörtern gestellte palatale finn. keski 'Mitte' und seine Entsprechungen (MUSz. 48; Wichmann, WotjChr. 76, FUF 11:220; Setälä: FUFA 12:74, JSFOu. 30/5: 54; Uotila: MSFOu. 65: 317, SyrjChr. 103; Steinitz, FgrVok. 128; E. Itkonen, LpChr. 109; Lytkin, VFUJa.l962:49, CIFU 62, VokPerm. 25, 50, 70) s. unter *keske 'Mitte, Zwischenraum, Abstand' FP.
References: Toivonen: Vir. 1953:351.
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mrd,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-redei,uralet-lit,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVCV
Meaning : bone
Sino-Caucasian : EC *kŏc̣a (~-e) 'a k. of bone' (cf. also *gwǝćV 'arm')
Amerind (misc.) : *kuc 'hand' (R 347) [+ A K] (also many forms in GE 5) Reference : ND 999; GE 5 (but Khois., NS, IP and many Amer. forms should be rather put to KVNTV); GE 73 *kaṭi (with a lot of confusion). globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳ(ʷ)as-
Meaning: bone
Notes: Secondary emphatisation in Sem. Cf. HSED *ḳas- (1557) and *ḳac̣- (1530), a faked root: the Agaw forms show no traces of *ḳ- and go back to Cush-Om *mVḳ-it, where "Warazi" (indeed, Harso and Dobase) miḳeče also belongs, cf. Golango miḳatté, Gawwada, Dalpena maqte, maḳḳe.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-lec,afaset-wrz,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2140
Proto-Semitic: *ḳ(ʷ)ayṣ-, *ḳ(ʷ)aṣṣ- {} *ḳ(ʷ)ayc̣- or *ḳ(ʷ)ac̣y-
Meaning: joint, point of connection between bones
Arabic: ḳaṣāṣ-, ḳuṣāṣ-, ḳiṣāṣ- 'endroit du derrière de la tête où les cheveux finissent; endroit de la poitrine où les côtes se rencontrent' [BK 2 746], ḳaṣīṣ- 'poitrine, os de la poitrine' [ibid.], ḳaṣṣ-, ḳuṣaṣ- do. ibid. [745]
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḳʷǝyṣ, ḳʷǝṣ 'leg, shin, shinbone, thigh' [LGz 457]
Amharic: (?) ḳǝṭay 'joint of foot' [LGur 511]. In [K 828] only ḳäṭṭay 'one who follows' and ḳǝṭṭay 'branch' are attested; according to [LGur 511], from ḳäṭälä 'to attach one thing to another' with l palatalized into y (on "occasional loss of l" in AMH see [LGz XXVI])
Gurage: GYE ḳǝṭǝyä 'joint of foot' [LGur 511]. According to Leslau, from *ḳäṭäla, with a loss of -*l (see comments to AMH above)
Soqotri: míḳṣeh 'articulation, falangue' [LS 381]. A derived pattern; according to Leslau, from ḳṣy 'to cut', which is not convincing semantically. For the same reason, not to be compared to such MSA forms as MHR máḳṣa 'end' from ḳǝṣō 'to end (of a road)' [JM 241]
Notes: Questionable; attested in S. SEM area only. Meanings in ARB, GEz and SOQ rather diverse; S. ETH examples may be of a different origin.
Cf. also ETH: TNA ḳʷǝč̣ bälä 'sedersi, accommodarsi bene a sedere' [Bass 301] and AMH ḳiṭ 'buttocks, anus' [K 826], possibly related.
Cf. *ḳimṣ(No. ).
[Holma 136]: AKK (kimṣu), GEZ; [LGz 457]: GEZ (connection with AKK kim/nṣu, kiṣṣu is refuted)
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-amh,semet-gur,semet-soq,semet-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *i-ḳass
Meaning: 'bone'
Ghadames: ɣǝss
Senhadja: iɣas
Siwa: îɣǝs
Ghat: iɣǝs
Ayr: eɣăs
Ahaggar (Tahaggart): eɣǝs
Zenaga: iʔssi
Semlal: iḫss
Ntifa: iɣǝs
Seghrushen: iɣṣṣ
Baamrani: iɣs, iḫs
Izdeg: iɣs
Rif: iḫs, ɣsu, iɣǝss
Mzab: iɣǝs
Wargla: iḫs
Snus: îɣǝs
Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): iɣass
Notes: Tua egēs
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-ghd,brbet-snh,brbet-siw,brbet-ght,brbet-ayr,brbet-ahg,brbet-zng,brbet-sml,brbet-ntf,brbet-sgr,brbet-bmr,brbet-izd,brbet-rif,brbet-mzb,brbet-wrg,brbet-snu,brbet-qbl,brbet-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: ḳs
Meaning: 'bone' (pyr)
Demotic: ḳs
Coptic: *kas
Coptic meaning: 'bone'
Bohairic: kas
Sahidic: kas
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-dem,egyet-cpt,egyet-cptmean,egyet-bbb,egyet-sss,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ḳas- ~ *ḳyas-
Meaning: 'bone'
Hausa: ḳàšī́í
Mupun: ́
Geruma: ókaši [CLR: 36]
Warji: ̀ḳā̀sū-nà [SkNb]
Kariya: ḳá̄sù [SkNb]
Miya: kúsí [SkNb]
Pa'a: ḳǝsi-kì [SkNb]
Cagu: ḳéḳésǝ̀n [SkNb]
Mburku: ḳáḳásǝ̀[SkNb]
Jimbin: ḳǝ̀ḳási [SkNb]
Fyer: kyɛ̃ɛ̄s [JgR]
Bokos: kyàs [JgR]
Sha: gyiš-áw [JgR]
Kulere: gyäš-áw [JgR]
Daffo-Butura: kyâs [JgR]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-gwn,wchet-grm,wchet-wrj,wchet-kry,wchet-miy,wchet-paa,wchet-cag,wchet-mbu,wchet-jmb,wchet-fyr,wchet-bks,wchet-sha,wchet-klr,wchet-dfb,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *kVs-k-
Meaning: 'bone'
Mbara: ŋ-gíŝ [TMba] voicing after n
Munjuk: keŝ-ke [TMnj]
Musgu: kɛ́x̂-kɛɛ, keŝ-ké [LMsg]
Notes: Cf. Log ŋkósê 1 [LLog] 'Kern' ('middle bone' > 'kernel' and C 5 Malgwa ǝ́-ksúwe 'Brustkorb' [Lr]. According to Löhr, related to ǝ́ksǝ 'town' [Lr:292] . Partial redup. and secondary lateral (due to a contactwith a velar) in Msg and Mnj. Voicing after a nasal in Mba. Definately originates from Ch *ḳas- 'bone'.
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mba,cchet-mnj,cchet-msg,cchet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *kVs-
Meaning: 'bone'
Somrai: gùsâny [CLR: 37]
Ndam: gūsé [CLR: 37]
Kera: kǝ́s-kǝ-́n [Eb]
Kwang: kīsí-gī [CLR: 37]
Dangla: kāso, kààsò [CLR: 37]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-smr,echet-ndm,echet-ker,echet-kwn,echet-dng,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳas-
Meaning: 'bone, leg'
Dasenech (Geleba): ḳas
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-gel,
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Warazi etymology :
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Proto-Warazi: *mi-ḳeč-
Meaning: 'bone'
Warazi: mi-ḳeče
Notes: Prefix *mV-. The vowel is not regular
wrzet-prnum,wrzet-meaning,wrzet-war,wrzet-notes,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *ḳus-
Meaning: 'bone'
Nao: ḳus
Dime: ḳɔs, ḳus Bend. Aroid 146
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-nao,omoet-dim,
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