Pengo-Manda etymology : List with all references

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *anḍ- (caus. *aṭ-)

Meaning : to join, unite

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : andali "to aid"

Kuwi (Schulze) : andinai "to join, meet"

Tekriya Kuwi : anḍ- (-it-) "to join, unite with"

Kuwi (Mahanti) : aṇp- "to agree"

Kuwi (Israel) : aṇḍ- (-it-) "to mix (intr.)"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_F aṇḍatasi partner; andivi aiyali to be friendly; Kuwi_F antū menses; Kuwi_S aṭhinai to add; Kuwi_Isr aṭ- (-h-) to mix (tr.)

Notes : Both Kuwi_F aṇḍatasi and antū are probably borrowings. Kuwi_S andinai is probably misspelled (*anḍinai should be expected; only one such case). The same problem arises with Kuwi_S aṭhinai: retroflex consonants are extremely rare in this dialect, and we should expect (at least, in the transcription), a simple dental. This way, the retroflex here is either misspelled or, if the word itself is a new borrowing or influenced by some other dialect or language, probably obligatory in a relatively new word-formation.

Number in DED : 120

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *aṇái- ~ *anḍ-

Meaning : to join, unite

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *aṇai ~ *anḍ-

Proto-Telugu : *anṭ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *anḍ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *anḍ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *ā̆nṛ-s-

Brahui : han-inging

Notes : A common PDR stem commonly displaying two variants, with *anḍ- being the exclusive one in all of Central Dravidian and *aṇái- safely reconstructed only for PSDR (and Telugu, if anãgu 'to mix' really belongs here). Some of the forms with -ṇṭ- may be due to contamination with *anṭ- 'to stick'. The two stems, bisyllabic and monosyllabic with retroflex cluster, may well be related on a higher level (with the original root being *aṇ-, which then may have been preserved as an archaism in Tam. aṇṇu), but separate origins cannot be excluded either. // Present in 6/6 branches.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *aṇai ~ *anḍ-

Meaning : to approach; to join

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : aṇai (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to approach, come near, touch, come in contact with, copulate with

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to join, put close (as earth to a tree), embrace, hold, tie, fasten (as animals), tie up in a bunch; n. coition; a yoke of oxen; aṇaippu embracing; area that can be ploughed by two pairs of oxen in one day; aṇmai, aṇumai, aṇimai nearness, proximity; aṇavu (aṇavi-) to go near, approach, come close to, embrace; aṇāvu (aṇāvi-) to approach; aṇa (-pp-, -nt-) to be joined, united; aṇaŋku (aṇaŋki-) id.; aṇi (-v-, -nt-) to join with (tr.); adv. near; aṇiyan_ who is near by; aṇuku (aṇuki-) to approach; aṇukkam, aṇukku nearness, proximity; aṇukkan_ one who is near, intimate; fem. aṇukki; aṇṇu (aṇṇi-) to approach, draw near, join, unite with; aṇṇimai nearness; aṇṇaṇi in close proximity; aṇmu (aṇmi-), aṇpu (aṇpi-) to approach; aṇṭu (aṇṭi-) to approach, take refuge in; aṇṭai nearness, vicinity

Malayalam : aṇayuka

Malayalam meaning : to approach, arrive

Malayalam derivates : aṇavu arrival, closeness, love; aṇekka to bring into contact, embrace, hug; aṇa yoke, pair; aṇukuka to approach; aṇaccal embracing, drawing near; aṇappu embracing, an embrace; aṇayam vicinity, neighbourhood; (Kauṭ.) aṇukkan one who is near; intimate; aṇṭa nearness, proximity; aṇṭuka, aṇṇuka, aṇpuka to approach

Kannada : aṇe, aṇi

Kannada meaning : to come near, come in contact, touch, embrace

Kannada derivates : aṇe approach; aṇi joining, fitness, order; aṇiyara fitness; aṇasu that holds firmly together, a ferrule; a throng; aṇugu nearness; aṇṭu to come or be in contact with, touch (intr., tr.), embrace; n. menses (? < Te.); aṇṭisu to place in contact; aṇḍisu to go near, approach, resort to, come or go to for protection; aṇḍu going near, an approach, a resort; aṇḍe nearness, approach, side of anything

Kodagu : aṇḍa

Kodagu meaning : side

Tulu : aṇepuni

Tulu meaning : to come in contact, press

Tulu derivates : anepini, anepuni to touch, hug, embrace; aṇasụ a handle, hilt

Proto-Nilgiri : *anḍ-

Notes : With a certain effort one could trace back all of these forms to a single monosyllabic protostem *aṇ-; however, there is no guarantee that such is indeed the case. Two forms that continuously crop up all over SDR are the bisyllabic stem *aṇai-, with a simple retroflex nasal, and the monosyllabic stem *anḍ- with a retroflex cluster. Most of the other stems (aṇi-, aṇa-, aṇ-) are only found in the Tamil area and may reflect dialectalisms or latter day contaminations. As to whether *aṇai- and *anḍ- go back to the same source, this is somewhat questionable. They are certainly two different entities on the PSDR level, albeit with similar meanings; on that level, there was no productive model according to which *aṇai- could become *anḍ- or vice versa.

Number in DED : 0120

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *anḍ-

Meaning : to set in place

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : aṇḍ- (aṇḍy-) "to be in same place with, approach, be in or move into place to seize prey"

Toda : oṇc "ferrule on stick or pounder"

Additional forms : Also Kota aṇḍc- (aṇḍc-) to set (a thing) in place

Notes : Caus. *aṇḍ-Vc- > Toda oṇ-c ('something set on a stick').

Number in DED : 120

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *anṭ-

Meaning : to touch; n. touch, uncleanness, defilement by touch, impurity, pollution

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : aṇṭu

Additional forms : Also aṇṭalu (pl.) crowd, crowds; aṇṭincu to unite, join; aṇṭagu to be in menses, menstruate; aṇḍa nearness, support, assistance, protection, patronage

Number in DED : 120

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *anḍ-

Meaning : bowstring; to attach (bowstring)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : anḍ- "(S) to attach string to bow"

Poya Gadba : anḍal "bowstring"

Number in DED : 120

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *ā̆nṛ-s-

Meaning : to arrive

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : ā̃ṛsnā "to reach, arrive at, come, overtake, hear about"

Malto : an_ṛse

Additional forms : Also KUR ā̃ṛsrnā to be within reach; ā̃ṛstārnā to be brought up to a certain place; MLT an_ṛstre to cause to arrive, convey.

Number in DED : 120

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : han-inging

Meaning : to copulate (of human beings)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Additional forms : Also aninging id. (KR-23)

Number in DED : 120

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *anTV

Meaning: to join, together

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ā́nta

Dravidian: *aṇ-/*anḍ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ŋĭčẹ- 'two' (?)

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ā́nta

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: oath; comrade, match

Russian meaning: клятва; друг, товарищ

Turkic: *Ānt

Mongolian: *anda

Tungus-Manchu: *anda

Japanese: *ánta

Comments: EAS 153, KW 10, Владимирцов 318, Poppe 83, VEWT, ТМС. Despite TMN 2, 128, Щербак 1997, 98, there is no reason to suppose Turk. > Mong.; for TM, however, a borrowing from Mong. cannot be excluded (see Poppe 1972, 100, TMN 1, 152, Doerfer MT 37, Rozycki 18).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Ānt

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: oath

Russian meaning: клятва

Old Turkic: ant (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: and (MK)

Turkish: ant (andɨ)

Tatar: ant

Middle Turkic: ant

Uzbek: ɔnt

Uighur: ant

Azerbaidzhan: and

Turkmen: ant

Oyrat: ant-ɨq- 'to take an oath'

Halaj: a:nd

Kirghiz: ant

Kazakh: ant

Noghai: ant

Bashkir: ant

Balkar: ant

Karaim: ant

Karakalpak: ant

Kumyk: ant

Comments: EDT 176, VEWT 20, TMN 2, 128, ЭСТЯ 1, 151. Original vowel length is proved by Turk., Az. -d.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *anda

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 friend 2 oath

Russian meaning: 1 друг 2 клятва

Written Mongolian: anda 1, andaɣar, andaɣai 2 (L 42)

Middle Mongolian: anda 1 , andaqar 2 (SH), andoɣ- (IM 432) 'to make an oath', andă 1, andaɣar 2 (MA 102)

Khalkha: and 1, andgaj 2

Buriat: anda 1

Kalmuck: andǝ, andṇ 1, andǝɣǝr 2

Ordos: anda 1

Dongxian: andaɣa(n) 2

Baoan: andǝrǝG 2

Dagur: ande 1 (MD 115)

Shary-Yoghur: andaGar 2

Monguor: ndaGa (SM 261) 2, (MGCD amdaGa)

Mogol: andaɣ (ZM 24-9b) 2

Comments: KW 10, MGCD 106, 624, TMN 1, 151-152.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *anda

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: friend

Russian meaning: друг

Evenki: anda

Negidal: anda

Literary Manchu: anda

Jurchen: al-da-xaj (330) cf. *alda (1-31), an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'

Ulcha: anda

Orok: anda

Nanai: anda

Oroch: anda

Udighe: anda

Comments: ТМС 1, 42-43. TM (Nan. andaχa etc.) > Dag. antaka (Тод. Даг. 121).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ánta

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 enemy 2 other

Russian meaning: 1 враг 2 другой

Old Japanese: ata 1, ata-si 2

Middle Japanese: átá 1, átà-sì, ada-si 2

Tokyo: adá 1

Kyoto: ádà 1

Kagoshima: ádà 1

Comments: Modern dialects point to *ántà; RJ has átá. See JLTT 376-377.

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ŋĭčẹ-q

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): два

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋiše-q

Proto-Itelmen: *ńt'i-, *'ǝt'i-q-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋiše-q

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): два

Chukchee: ŋírɛ-q

Koryak: ŋicce-q, ŋǝcce-q, ŋije-

Palan: ŋi/eta-q, ŋite-, ŋic̨e-c̨eŋ 'дважды'

Alutor: ŋita-q

Comments: Геминация рефлекса *-š- в кор. указывает на исходную основу типа TVT - *ŋiš, похоже, что и колебания в рядности второго гласного в пал. связаны с той же причиной.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *ńt'i-, *'ǝt'i-q-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): второй

Itelmen: nt'i-lŋin

Itelmen meaning: второй

West Itelmen: ńtɨ-ĺnɨn 1, ńtɨ-lɣin 2, ńtɨ-ĺan 3, ńtẹĺ-txi-k-nǝn 4, ['ǝt-utk-tunuk*] 7

West Itelmen meaning: secundus 1, dualis 2, duplex 3, duos annos habens , secundus 4, septem 7

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): drugi 1, podwójny 2, dwojaki 3, dwuletni 4, siedem 5

South Itelmen: ['ita'a-tuk*] 7, *kumx-tuka (dikid) 10

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): septem, decem

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): siedem, dziesięć

Number in Volodin 1976: 188