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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *keir-nǯi
Meaning : ankle bone
Pengo : kirnji gaṭi
Manda : kernji gaṭi
Number in DED : 1563
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kir_l-
Meaning : ankle, wrist
Notes : The root is almost never used by itself, but always in conjunction with certain parts of body: *kir_l- + 'leg' = ankle, etc. The correspondences are extremely complex, since it is very hard to trace PK -rl-, PPM -eir- and Gondi -r- to a single proto-cluster. However, if we assume this reconstruction, it would be quite possible to compare this form with SDR *kir_- 'small' (DEDR 1594), especially since there is an appropriate parallel in Toda kɨt_ eɫ̣f 'ankle', literally 'small bone'. If we consider *-l- a suffix, the forms are easily explainable.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,gndet-notes,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *gir-i
Meaning : ankle
Koya Gondi : girri kāl
Number in DED : 1563
Number in CVOTGD : 1088
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kirl-i
Meaning : ankle
Sunkarametta Kuwi : kirli ḍekka
Tekriya Kuwi : kirli
Dongriya Kuwi : gri'ni
Notes : In Kuwi_D *kirli > *krili > *grili. The -n- is either developed from -l- or a separate suffix (very hard to determine because of lack of material).
Number in DED : 1563
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_t,kuiet-kuwi_d,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kir_l-
Meaning : wrist
Proto-South Dravidian: *gir- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *gir-
Meaning : ankle
Tulu : girige
Tulu meaning : (Eng.-Tul. Dict.) ankle
Number in DED : 1563
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gir- (*-r_-)
Meaning : wrist
Parji : gira key "(S) wrist"
Number in DED : 1563
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-parji,kogaet-dednum,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *girV
Meaning: bone
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *gire ( ~ -ŕ-)
Meaning: bone
Russian meaning: кость
Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *gere
Meaning: 1 cheek bone 2 front teeth
Russian meaning: 1 скула 2 передние зубы
Written Mongolian: gere 1 (L 378) Khalkha: gerē 1
Kalmuck: gerǝ šüdṇ 2
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *giram-ksa
Meaning: 1 bone 2 skeleton
Russian meaning: 1 кость 2 скелет
Evenki: giramna 1
Even: gịrъ̣mrъ̣ 2 (also "grave")
Negidal: gịjamna 2
Spoken Manchu: giraŋǝ 1 (167)
Literary Manchu: giraŋgi 1
Jurchen: gi(r)ba-an-gi (510) 1
Ulcha: Gịramsa 1
Orok: Giransa 1
Nanai: Gịrmaqsa 1
Oroch: giamsa 1
Udighe: gämaha, geämaha 1, 2 (Корм. 221) Solon: giranda 1
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVRV
Meaning : bone
Afroasiatic : Sem. *grm
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garm-
Meaning: body; bone
afaset-meaning,afaset-sem,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2070
Proto-Semitic: *garm-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: body; bone
Hebrew: gäräm 'bone' [KB 203]
Aramaic: OFF grm 'bone' (in grmyk - pl.suff.) [HJ 235]
Biblical Aramaic: *gǝram, *gǝrēm (in: garmēhōn, pl.suff.) 'Knochen' [KB deutsch 1688]
Judaic Aramaic: garmā 'bone; body, self' [Ja 270]; gǝräm, det. garmā 'bone, self' [Sok 136]. Cf. garmītā 'a small bone or sinew' [Ja 270] (the form is probably influenced by garmīdā 'arm, elbow, cubit' [ibid. 270])
Syrian Aramaic: garmā 'os; testa (cancri)', gǝrūmā 'os, nucleus; semen' [Brock 132]. Cf. also ʔagrūmǝtā 'cadaver' [ibid.] (with the ʔa- prefix), probably developed from the lost meaning 'body'
Modern Aramaic: MAL ɣerma 'Knocken' [Berg 31] MLH *garmo 'Knochen' (c. suff. la-garmezen 'ihre Knochen') [J Mlah 174] HRT garma 'Knochen' [J Hert 186] NASS gyärmä 'bone' [Tser 049] MMND germā 'bone' [M MND 494]
Mandaic Aramaic: girma 'bone; knuckle' [DM 92]
Arabic: ǧirm-, ǧurum-, ǧurūm-, ʔaǧrām- 'corps, tout ce qui a quelque volume' [BK 1 282]. The latter three forms look like broken plural, though not marked as such in [BK].
Cf. ǧarām-, ǧurām- 'noyau de dattes'; a meaning shift from 'bone'
Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB grm 'body (of animal)' [SD 50]
Notes: Unification of these two meanings in one entry not obvious; see, however, ARM and probably ARB. Though as an anatomic term attested in C. SEM only, possibly has cognates with various meaning shifts in ETH, cf. TGR gǝrmi 'large split thorn' [LH 573] (< 'bone'?). Cf. also EAST: SEL gurman, WOL gurm, ZWY gurmi 'stump of tree, trunk of tree, log' [LGur 294]; GUR: MSQ GOG gurma, MUH SOD gurmä do.; for a semantic connection between 'body' and 'trunk' cf. LATIN truncus (however, Leslau may be right relating these GUR forms to the verb *grm 'to cut off' attested in AMH and ARB [ibid.]).
Another case of a plausible semantic development see in SAB grm 'terrible, majestic, etc.' [SD 50] and GEZ garama 'to be frightful, awesome, to become formidable, admirable' (with cognates throughout ETH) [LGz 203]; for a similar meaning shift see Introduction.
Still another assumed shift of meaning from 'body' see in MHR gǝrǝmēt 'sweet little child' [JM 124]; for this and similar developments, cf. Introduction.
Cf. *garab- 'body; stomach' (No. ).
[DRS 186]: HBR, ARM, ARB (incl. ǧarrīmat- 'queue' not attested in [BK]), ESA, ETH (also included are ARB YEM ǧarm 'couverture, vêtement faits de peaux de moutons cousues', SAB grm 'peau d'animal servant d'outre' and TGR gǝrm 'peau cousues'; comparisons semantically difficult); [KB 203]: HBR, ARM, ARB; [Brock 32]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-bib,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-new,semet-mnd,semet-ara,semet-sar,semet-notes,
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