South Dravidian etymology : List with all references

Proto-South Dravidian : *kok-

Meaning : beak

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malayalam : kokku

Malayalam meaning : long beak, bill

Kannada : kokku

Kannada meaning : beak, bill

Kodagu : kokkɨ

Kodagu meaning : beak

Tulu : kokku, kokkāyi, kōkāyi

Tulu meaning : bill, beak

Number in DED : 2034

Proto-Dravidian : *kok-

Meaning : beak, bill

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kok-

Eurasiatic: *ḳVkV

Meaning: to hit, break

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`ắka

Uralic: *kokka

Kartvelian: *ḳeḳ-

Dravidian: *kok- (could also be < *ḳUjḳV)

References: ND 1024 *ḳ[o]ḳV 'beak, to peck'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ắka

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break, tear off

Russian meaning: отламывать, отдирать

Turkic: *KAk-

Mongolian: *kaka- / *kaga-

Tungus-Manchu: *xak-

Japanese: *kák-

Comments: A possible derivative is PA *k`akt`o 'castrated animal' q. v.

Proto-Turkic: *KAk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to hit, knock, tear

Russian meaning: бить, стучать, рвать

Karakhanid: qaq- (MK)

Turkish: kak-

Tatar: qaq-

Middle Turkic: qaq- (Houts., AH, Qutb, MA)

Uzbek: qɔq-

Uighur: qaq-

Azerbaidzhan: Gax-

Turkmen: qaq-, qaqɨl-

Khakassian: xax-

Oyrat: qaq-

Dolgan: kakrɨj- 'break into small pieces'

Tuva: qaq-

Tofalar: qa'q-

Kirghiz: qaq-

Kazakh: qaq-

Noghai: qaq-

Bashkir: qaq-

Balkar: qaq-

Gagauz: qaq-

Karaim: qaq-

Karakalpak: qaq-

Kumyk: qaq-

Comments: VEWT 223, ЭСТЯ 5, 221-222, Stachowski 135.

Proto-Mongolian: *kaka- / *kaga-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to break, tear off

Russian meaning: ломать, расщеплять, отдирать

Written Mongolian: qaqa- (L 906: qaɣal-, qaɣala-)

Middle Mongolian: qaqal- (SH), qaqača- 'to divide' (HY 34), qaɣal- (IM)

Khalkha: xaga-

Buriat: xaxa-

Kalmuck: xaɣǝl- (КРС)

Ordos: xaGal-

Dongxian: GaGača- 'to part' (Тод. Дн.)

Dagur: xagalā- (Тод. Даг. 172), hagere-, hagare-, hagelā- (MD 155)

Monguor: xaGali-; xaGarā- 1 'fendre, briser, casser, morceler; se fendre, se fêler 1' (SM 150)

Mogol: qakara- (Weiers)

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xaK-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate

Russian meaning: 1 подрезать, перерезать 2 отделять, отрывать

Negidal: akị- / kakị- 1

Ulcha: χaqpa-lụ- 2

Orok: χaqpa- 2

Nanai: χāGa- 1, χaqpā- 2

Udighe: akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 25, 363. {Cf. also the root for "beak" in South. TM < *xaKu(-ban)}.

Proto-Japanese: *kák-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to break off

Russian meaning: отламывать

Old Japanese: kak(a)-

Middle Japanese: kák-

Tokyo: kàk-

Kyoto: kàk-

Kagoshima: kák-

Comments: JLTT 702. The Kyoto accent is irregular.

Number: 1341

Proto: *kokka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hack; to hack

German meaning: Hacke, Erdhacke, Haue; hacken

Finnish: kuokka 'Hacke, Haue', kuokki- 'hacken' ( > Saam. N guok'ke -kk- 'fork, pick', guok'kâ- -kk- 'pick, dig; scrape') ?

Estonian: kook (gen. koogu) 'Haken (Eimerhaken, Kesselhaken)', koogitse- 'herauskratzen' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): kukč́o (S) 'Haue, Hacke', kokćan (G), kukč́an (MU) 'Erdhacke', kukč́al- (S K) 'picken, hacken mit dem Schnabel; meißeln, aushauen', kokćal- (G), kukč́al- (MU) 'hacken (mit der Erdhacke)' ?

Komi (Zyrian): kok- (V P) 'hacken (mit der Erdhacke), kokal- (S), koka^.v- (P), ko^.kal- (PO) 'picken', kokan (S V) 'Erdhacke', ko̯keś- (SO) 'мотыжить' ?

K. Redei's notes: Wotj. č́o, č́al sind Ableitungssuffixe. Die Zusammenstellung ist aus lautlichen Gründen unsicher: syrj. o̯ in SO ko̯keś- weist auf einen ursprünglichen velaren Vokal, o in PO ko^.kal- auf einen palatalen Vokal hin. Finn. kuokka geht auf urfinn. *ō zurück, das ɨ falls das finn. Wort mit den perm. Wörtern zusammengehört ɨ aus ursprünglichem *o entstanden sein kann. Nomen-Verbum. Onomat. In ESK werden die syrj. Wörter für 'мотыжить' und 'клевать, долбить' unrichtigerweise voneinander getrennt (s. unter kokavni̮ I und kokavni̮ II).

References: Wiklund: MSFOu. 10:201; Wichmann, WotjChr. 72; Setälä: JSFOu. 23/1:36; Äimä: JSFOu. 30/30a:66, MSFOu. 45:244; Toivonen: Vir. 1921:13, MSFOu. 58:238; Karsten: MSFOu. 58:58; Mark: ÕESA 1931:318; Uotila, SyrjChr. 100; SKES; Lytkin: CIFU 62, VokPerm. 46, 73, 162; ESK.

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳeḳ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: ударить, растоптать, разбить

English meaning: to hit, trample, break

Georgian: ḳeḳ-

Megrel: ḳaḳ-

Notes and references: EWK 188. Ср. алт. *k`ak`a 'ломать, отрывать'.

Borean (approx.) : KVKV

Meaning : peg, nail

Eurasiatic : *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')

Amerind (misc.) : *kiko 'tooth' (R 779)

South Dravidian etymology :

Dravidian etymology :

Nostratic etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Turkic etymology :

Mongolian etymology :

Tungus etymology :

Japanese etymology :

Uralic etymology :

Kartvelian etymology :

Long-range etymologies :