Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ǝlu-, *ǝlǝv-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: all, whole

Russian meaning: весь, все, всякий, каждый

Proto-Inupik: *ǝlu-, *ǝlǝv-

Comments: Cf. also Yupik (AA) lūciʁ- id. The same stem as *ǝlru-ci- 'shape, form, habit etc.'. A relation with *irʁu-(na-) 'all, whole' is possible if these forms go back to a prototype like *ǝl-ru-.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 107

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *ǝlu-, *ǝlǝv-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: all, whole 1, to be whole 2

Russian meaning: весь, все, всякий, каждый

SPI Dialects: Imaq ɨlúqnāûq 'complete', ilúqnan 1, W iluqa(q)- [Jen.] 1

North Alaskan Inupik: ɨluqa(q)- 1

NAI Dialects: Qaw iluqna(q)- 1

WCI Dialects: Sig iluqa(q)- 1, Cop iluit- 2, Net iliviliq 'mainland' [Ras.]

Eastern Canadian Inupik: iluit- 2, 'to be complete', iluiliq 'mainland'

ECI Dialects: Tar, Lab ilūnna- 1

Greenlandic Inupik: ilūŋŋaʁ- 1, iluit-, ilivit- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 107, 129

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *eli

Meaning: sufficient, complete

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *al-

Altaic: *éli

Dravidian: *el-

Eskimo-Aleut: *ǝlu-, *ǝlǝv-

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *al-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: all

Baltic: *al-ja- adj.

Germanic: *al-a-, *all-a- adj.; *ull=

Latin: ? alers, allers `doctus, eruditus, iners'

Russ. meaning: весь

References: WP I 90

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *al-ja- adj.

Meaning: all

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: aliái 'all, jeder, ganz, völlig, ausnahmslos', loc. alda kampẽlī `in jeder Ecke'

Comments: According to Fraenkel, the word has nothing in common with Germ. all and is produced from alè 'but' ( < Polish).

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ala-, *alla-; *ull=

Meaning: all

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: all-s (a) `all'; ala-man-s m. (cons) `totality of human beings'

Old Norse: all-r `all, jeder'; ɔl-vǟr-r `freudlich'

Norwegian: all

Old Swedish: alder, OGutn aldr

Swedish: all

Danish: al

Old English: eal (eall, all) adj. `all'; { eal-wǟre `zuverlässig' }

English: all

Old Frisian: al

Old Saxon: al; ala-hwīt `ganz weiss'

Middle Dutch: al (all-), OFlam olla; ale-waer, ale-machtich

Dutch: al

Old Franconian: al

Middle Low German: al

Old High German: al `all' (8.Jh.); ala-wāri `freundlich, wohlwollend' (10.Jh.)

Middle High German: al (-ll-) adj. 'all, ganz, jeder'; aleine, -ein adv., conj. 'allein; obgleich, obschon'

German: all; albern

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *éli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sufficient

Russian meaning: достаточный

Mongolian: *el-

Tungus-Manchu: *ele-

Korean: *ǝr-

Japanese: *ír-

Comments: KW 119, Lee 1958, 108 (TM-Kor.), Rozycki 68. Despite Doerfer MT 20, TM *ele is hardly < Mong. (a particle in Mong. vs. a widespread verb in TM).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *el-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 all, every kind of 2 abundance, abundant

Russian meaning: 2 весь, всевозможные 2 обилие, обильный

Written Mongolian: ele 1 (L 308), eldeb 1 (L 307), elbeg 2 (L 306)

Khalkha: el, eldev 1, elbeg 2

Buriat: eldeb 1, elbeg 2

Kalmuck: elɛ̄dǝ, eldǝb 1, elwǝg 2

Comments: KW 119, 120. Mong. > Yak. elbē-, elbex, Dolg. elbek (Kaɫ. MEJ 16, Stachowski 44), Chuv. ilpek (Róna-Tas 1971-1972).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ele-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 enough 2 to have enough, be satiated

Russian meaning: 1 довольно, достаточно 2 удовлетвориться, насытиться

Evenki: elī, ele 1, elekče- 2

Even: elъkъn 1

Negidal: ele 1

Literary Manchu: ele- 2

Jurchen: 'o-le-he-huŋ 'content, happy'

Ulcha: ele 1, ele- 2

Orok: ele 1, ele- 2

Nanai: elē 1, ele- 2

Oroch: ele 1, ele- 2

Udighe: ele 1, ele- 'to complete'

Solon: aĺe-ćáu, eĺlećáu 'I am full, I have had enough'

Comments: ТМС 2, 448-449.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ǝr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: enough, sufficiently, nearly

Russian meaning: достаточно, почти

Modern Korean: ǝl-čhu

Middle Korean: ǝru, ǝro

Comments: Nam 360, KED 1146.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ír-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to need

Russian meaning: нуждаться

Middle Japanese: ír-

Tokyo: ìr-

Kyoto: ír-

Kagoshima: ír-

Comments: JLTT 698. The verb is homonymous with *ír- 'enter', but probably quite different etymologically.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *el-

Meaning : all; both

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *el-

Proto-Telugu : *ell-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *el

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *el-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *el-

Meaning : all

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ellām

Tamil meaning : whole, all (personal as well as impersonal)

Tamil derivates : ellavarum, ellārum all persons; ellēmum, ellōmum we all; ellīrum you all

Malayalam : ellām, ellāvum

Malayalam meaning : all

Malayalam derivates : ellīrum you all

Kannada : ella

Kannada meaning : all, everything, the whole

Kannada derivates : ellarum all persons

Kodagu : ellā

Kodagu meaning : all

Tulu : -la (? -lā)

Tulu meaning : = additive particle *-um (in all usages)

Proto-Nilgiri : *el-

Number in DED : 0844

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *el-

Meaning : all

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : el, elm

Toda : elm (acc. elnm, dat. eltkm) "all (only in songs: noun + ōs + elm)"

Additional forms : Also Toda (rare in prose) el, elm id.; om elom all of us; nɨm elom all of you

Number in DED : 844

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ell-

Meaning : all, whole

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ella

Additional forms : Also ellavā̃ḍu every man, everyone; ellaru all persons, all men

Number in DED : 844

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *el

Meaning : both

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : ittar el

Number in DED : 844

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *el-

Meaning : all, whole

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *el-

Notes : The root's local character (Kui) makes it somewhat doubtful; maybe the Kui form is borrowed from Telugu.

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *el-

Meaning : whole

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : ele'e

Number in DED : 844

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : all

Eurasiatic : *eli

Sino-Caucasian : *HVƛ̣V

Austric : *lV[j]

Amerind (misc.) : *ali 'many, all' (R 460)

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVƛ̣V

Meaning: all, surpass

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: Av.-And. *hiƛ̣u- /*-ƛ̣:- 'all'

Sino-Tibetan: *lŏH

Comments and references : Cf. *=V́nƛ̣V.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lŏH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: surpass, increase

Chinese: 愈 *loʔ increase, proceed; all the more; surpass.

Burmese: kjuh to go beyond, trespass, exceed, surpass.

Lushai: lu too, very, excessively.

Kiranti: *lV (?)

Comments: Cf. *l[ǝ̆]w. In some TB languages this root has apparently acquired the meaning 'all', cf. Ao-Mongtsen te-lu, lu-tsɨ, Yimchungli alala, Kaike so-lo, Pumi *LV, perhaps also Nusu li, Sunwar nelle. Cf. Austric: PAN *lalaw 'exceed, surpass', ?PAA *la:j 'many'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 愈

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: loʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ló

Western Han Chinese: lwá

Eastern Han Chinese: źwá

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwó

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwó

Middle Chinese: jǘ

English meaning : be increasing, pressing

Russian meaning[s]: 1) превосходить, перекрывать; 2) выздороветь; излечить(ся); исцелить(ся) от...; 3) еще более; тем более, тем паче

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8508

Karlgren code: 0125 d-e

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lV (?)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: all

Sunwar: nel-le

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lV[j]

Meaning: many

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *la:j

Austroasiatic meaning: many

Proto-Austronesian: *lalaw

Austronesian meaning: exceed, surpass, go beyond

Proto-Thai: hla:j.A many, several

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *la:j

Meaning: many

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: hla:j.A many, several

Proto-Katuic: *lɨ:j V?

Khmer: pla:j

Proto-Palaungic: Pr aŋ ("not") lai

Proto-Khmu: *la:j

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *lɨ:j

Meaning: more than

Presyllable: kǝ- / #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *lɨ:j

Proto-East Katuic: PAK klɨ:j

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *lɨ:j

Meaning: more than

Presyllable: # / pǝ- / kǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kalɨj.T

Bru Van Keu meaning: more than, surpluss

So: lɨ:j.B

So meaning: past the edge; past the normal amount

Bru: plɨ:j.N

Bru meaning: to pass,to go beyond

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic:

Meaning: more than

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: klɨ:j

Pakoh meaning: more than

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: pla:j

Meaning: be added to, be more; pǝnla:j to extend, prolong

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Comments: JP derive the word from la:j to mix

References: JP302

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