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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *qinǝʁ- ~ *qǝnǝ-ʁ-
Meaning: to see, to look 1, to look at, to watch 2, to look through 3, binoculars 4
Russian meaning: смотреть, видеть 1, рассматривать 2, смотреть сквозь 3, бинокль 4
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qiniq- 2, qiniʁaq- 3, qiniʁaun 4
SPI Dialects: Imaq qɨnɨ́ʁāɣa, qɨnɨ́ʁatóq 1
North Alaskan Inupik: qińɨq- 2, qińńaq (ʁ) 'appearance', qińɨʁaun 4
NAI Dialects: Qaw qinʁutik 4, Nu, PH qińɨʁaq- 3
Western Canadian Inupik: qiniq- 'to look around for', qiniʁaq- 3
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qiniq- 'to look around for', to check nets or traps', qiniʁuti, qiʁŋuti 'telescope'
Greenlandic Inupik: qiniʁ- 'to look around for, to choose'
GRI Dialects: NG qiniq- 3, SWG qiʁnut(it) 4, NWG qiŋŋut(it) 4
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 306
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-gris,inupet-ced,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *qinǝʁ- ~ *qǝnǝ-ʁ-
Meaning: to look in, to look through, to watch
Russian meaning: всматриваться, смотреть через, рассматривать
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 306
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *qinǝʁ- ~ *qǝnǝ-ʁ-
Meaning: to look in, to look ahead 1, to look through sth. 2
Russian Meaning: заглядывать, целиться 1, смотреть сквозь 2
Chaplino: qīnʁutáqā 1, qǝnǝ́χtaqā 'to have a look in sth.'
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qinǝχtǝ- 1
Central Alaskan Yupik: qinǝχtǝ- 1, 2, qinʁun 'binoculars'
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 306
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-chap,yupet-aay,yupet-cay,yupet-ced,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *g(w)enV
Meaning: to know
Altaic: (PT *Kön- 'to agree, trust')
References: МССНЯ 343, ОСНЯ 1, 296-297; ND 636 *gAǹ/ńV 'see, perceive' (Kartv.-Drav. + Chad.); 901 *kin̄hU ~ *kihn̄U 'to see, observe, examine' (IE + Mong. kina- [which goes back to *k`i̯ŭnu 'long, covet (sexually) + SH). The two roots are hardly separatable. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *g'enǝ-, *g'nō-
Meaning: to know
Hittite: kanes- (I) 'erkennen, anerkennen' (Tischler 478ff)
Tokharian: A āknats, B aknātsa 'foolish, stupid; fool' (Adams 3); A knān- 'know', B nān- 'appear, be presented; show' (PT *knān-) (Adams 333)
Old Indian: jānā́ti, pf. jajñau, ptc. jñātá- `to know, apprehend'; OInd jñātár- `knower, witness'
Avestan: paiti-zānǝnti `sie nehmen jemands an', them. 2 pl. paiti-zānanta `ihr erkennt an, nehmt auf'; zanā-t_, zanąn `unterscheidet, erkennt'; paiti-zanta- `anerkannt', znātar- `Kenner'
Other Iranian: OPers ipf. 3 sg. a-dānāḥ `er wusste'; Pashto pē-ẓ̌anī `unterscheidet, erkennt'; OPers conj. prs. xšnāsātiy `sie sollen merken'
Armenian: canauth `bekannt', aor. caneay `ich erkannte', an-can `unbekannt'
Old Greek: gignṓskō (ion. gīnṓskō), epidaur. gnōskō, aor. gnō̂nai̯, pf. égnōka, va. gnōtó- `erkennen, kennenlernen'; a-gnṓs, -ō̂tos `unbekannt'; agnoéō `weiss nicht', gnō̂si-s f. `Erkenntnis, Einsicht'; gnō̂ma n. `Kennzeichen, Ansicht'; gnṓmǟ `Erkennung, Gedanke, Ansicht'; gnṓmōn m. (/f.) `Kenner, Beurteiler'; gnṓrimo- `erkennbar, bekannt, nobilis'; agnói̯ǟ, att. ágnoi̯a `Unwissenheit'; pf. gégōna `sich (beim Rufen) vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden'
Latin: nōsco (gnōsco) `erkenne', ignōsco `habe ein Eisehehen, verzeihe'; pf. nōvī; nōtus `bekannt', ignōtus`unbekannt'; nota f. `Kennzeichen, Merkmal; Buchstabenzeichen, Schrift, Kurzschrift; Note; Zeichen in Büchern, auf Gefässen etc.; Mutter-, Brandmal; Sorte, Qualität; Anmerkung, Schandfleck, Beschimpfung'; nōtio; nōtor; norma `Winkelmass, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, Regel'; (g)nōbilis `kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, edel'; gnārus `eine Sache kundig', ignārus `unkundig', nārrāre `zu Wissen machen, künden'; nāvus `regsam, rührig, betriebsam', ignāvus `ohne Tatkraft'
Other Italic: Umbr naratu `narrato', naraklum `nuntiatio'
Celtic: OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim `sapio', fut. -gēna, pf. ad-gēn-sa `cognovi, cognosco'; gnāth `gewohnt, bekannt'; ignad `fremd'; MIr gnō `ausgezeichnet'; Ir gnō `business, affairs'; Cymr gnawd `Gewohnheit'; g0-gnaw `activity, active'; OBret inschr. Bodo-cnous; MBret gnou `manifeste, évident'
Albanian: ńoh `ich kenne', 2, 3 sg. ńeh
Russ. meaning: знать
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: знать
Near etymology: II., зна́ю, укр. зна́ти, блр. знаць, др.-русск., ст.-слав. знати, знаѭ γιγνώσκω "узнаю", γνωρίζω "делаю известным, объясняю" (Клоц., Супр.), болг. зна́я, сербохорв. зна̏ти, зна̑м, словен. znáti, znȃm, др.-чеш. znáti, znaju, чеш. znáti, слвц. znаt᾽, польск. znać, в.-луж. znać, н.-луж. znaś.
Further etymology: Родственно лит. žinóti, žinaũ "знать", лтш. zinu, zinât, др.-прусск. ersinnat "узнать", др.-инд. jānā́ti "знает", страд. jñāyátē, др.-перс. adānā "он узнал", д.-в.-н. irknâan "узнавать" (из *knējan), греч. γιγνώσκω "узнаю" (аор. ἔγνω: ст.-слав. аор. позна), лат. nōscō, алб. njoh "знаю, узнаю", 2, 3 л. ед. ч. njeh, гот. kann "знаю", тохар. knan "знать"; см. Траутман, ВSW 371; М.--Э. 4, 723; Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 103. Еще Брандт (РФВ 25, 220) отклоняет праформу *žьn-, сравнивая с др.-инд. jñātás, лат. ignōtus, греч. γνωτός "узнанный", ирл. gnáth "известный"; ср. также Мейе, МSL 19, 182. Ст.-слав. знанъ, прич.; ср. др.-инд. jajñānás (Зубатый, LF 28, 31), как ст.-слав. знатель: др.-инд. jñātár-, авест. žnātar- "знаток" (Бартоломэ, Air. Wb. 1717).
Trubachev's comments: [И.-е. *ǵen- "знать", несомненно, тождественно *ǵen- "рождать(ся)" и происходит из этого последнего; см. Трубачев, ВЯ, 1957, No 2, стр. 90 и сл.; "Терм. родства", стр. 148 и сл. Ср. еще Манн, "Slav. Rev.", 34, No 83, 1956, стр. 523; Френкель, "Leхis", 2, 1949, стр. 154. -- Т.]
Pages: 2,100-101
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-trubachev,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *ǯen̂-tl-a- (/ *ǯeñ-tl-a-) (1) c., *ǯen̂-tl-in̂- (1) vb., *ǯin̂- (1) vb. tr./intr., *ǯin-ā̂vb., *ǯin-jā̂ f.
Meaning: know
Lithuanian: žinṓti 'kennen, wissen', žìnōma- 'bekannt', žinià 'Nachricht, Kunde, Wissen; Kunst, Zauberei'; pa-žìnti (-žį́sta, -žìnō) 'kennen, bekannt sein mit, erkennen'; žénkla-s (pl. žénklai/ženklaĩ), dial. žeñkla-s 'Zeichen; Wunder-, Buch-, Kennzeichen; Zettel, Bezeichnung; Merkmal, Symbol, Signal, Parole', caus. žénklinti; žīmē̃ 'Merk-, Kennzeichen, Abzeichen, Spur'
Lettish: zinât (zinu, zinãju) `wissen, kennen, verstehen', zĩt (zĩstu, zinu) 'kennen, wissen, wahrnehmen, vermuten'; zìme 'Zeichen, Mal; Merkzeichen; Spur; Anzeichen, Schriftzeichen'
Old Prussian: posinnāts `bekannt', posinnimai 'wir bekennen', { ersinnat `erkennen' }, ebsentliuns 'bezeichnet'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *kunnan- vb.; *kanjan- vb.; *knḗwa-; *kōnia-, *kunsti-z, *kúnɵa-, *kundī́, etc.
Meaning: know, be able
Gothic: kunnan (kann; kunnum; kunɵa) prt.-prs. `know'; kannjan wk. `make known'; kunɵ-s (a) `known'; kunɵi n. (a) `knowledge'; CrimGot acc. sg. knauen tag `bonus dies'
Old Norse: knā-r `stark, tüchtig'; kȫn-n `klug, tüchtig'; kunna (kann) prt.-prs. `kennen, wisen; gönnen; können; zürnen'; kunn-r, kuδ-r `bekannt, kundig'; kenna wk. `bekannt machen, wahrnehmen, geniessen'
Norwegian: kjön adj.; kunna vb.; kunn adj.; kjenna vb.
Swedish: kan vb.; känna vb.; dial. kjön(n) adj.; kunna vb.
Danish: kjön adj.; kunne vb.; kjende vb.
Old English: cennan `benachrichtigen, erklären, zuschreiben'; cnāwan (cnēow) `erkennen'; cēne `kühn, dreist'; cunnan (can(n)); cūɵ
English: know, kin, uncouth, can
Old Frisian: kunna vb.; kost `kennis'; kūth; kēde `kondschap, verkondigung'; kanna, kena `erkennen, onderzoeken'
Old Saxon: kunnan; kunst `kundigheid, wijsheid'; kūth; ant-kennian `herkennen, erkennen'; kunst
Middle Dutch: connen, cunnen, cōnen `keknnen, weten, kunnen'; const, cunst, conste, cunste f. `kunde, vak, kennis, bekwaamheid, behendigheid, handwerk, wijsheid, kracht'; cont `bekend'; conde, cunde f. `bekendheid, kennis, vertrouwelijke omgang, kondschap, getuigenis'; kennen `kennen, herkennen, weten, oordelen, verklaren, getuigen, erkennen, belijden'
Dutch: kunnen; kond; kunde f.; kunst f., kennen
Old Franconian: kund; kennan `kennen'
Middle Low German: kunde `kennis, bekendheid'; kennen `kennen, weten, uitspraak doen, erkennen', künnen, kȫnen, können; kunt adj.; kunst
Old High German: kunnan (kann) (8.Jh.) `geistig vermögen, wissen, kennen, verstehen; imstande sein, vermögen'; kennen (9..Jh., bi-, ir-kennan 8.Jh.); ir-, bi-, int-knāan `erkennen'; ur-knāt`Erkennis'; kund (9.Jh.) `kund, bekannt'; kunst (9.Jh.) `Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit'; beknuodilen `vernehmbar werden', einknuadil `insignis'; kuoni `kühn, kampflustig'; un-kundī `onkunde'
Middle High German: kunnen, künnen an. v. 'geistig vermögen, wissen, kennen, verstehn; können, imstande sein'; kennen wk. '(er)kennen'; kunt (-d-) adj.; kunst st. f. 'das wissen, die kenntnis, weisheit; kunstfertigkeit; kunst; erleuchtung des innern, ekstase'; kunt (-d-) 'kennen gelernt, bekannt geworden, kund'
German: können, kennen, kund, Kunst f.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-olfrank,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 567
Root: ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-
English meaning: to know
German meaning: `erkennen, kennen'
General comments: zur Vermeidung der Homonymie mit 1. ĝen- werden vielfach Verbalformen mit ĝnō- verwendet.
Derivatives: Nominalbildungen: ĝenǝ-tlo- `Kennzeichen', ĝnō-mn̥ ds., ĝnō-ter- `Kenner', ĝnō-ti- `Erkenntnis', ĝnō-to-s (?) `bekannt', gn̥̄-tó-s ds.
Material: Ai. jānā́mi `ich weiß', anu-jñā- `zugestehen, gewähren', av. paiti-zānǝnti `sie nehmen sich jemandes an' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-zānatā `ihr erkennt an, nehmt auf'), apers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā `er wußte' (idg. *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi, daneben enklit. *ĝn̥-nāmi in:) av. zanā-t_, zanąn, afghan. pē-žanī `unterscheidet, erkennt'; arm. Aor. cancay `ich erkannte' (an-can `unbekannt') unsicherer Grundform (zum Präs. *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi? oder aus *ĝen-? wie:) canaut` `bekannt';
air. itar-gninim, asa-gninaim `sapio' (Fut. -gēna aus *ge-gnā-, Pert ad-gēn-sa `cognovi, cognosco' aus *ge-gn-; am Präsensstamm gnin- ist der Vok. noch ungeklärt; vgl. Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f., Marstrander Prés. nas. 23);
got. kunnan `kennen, wissen' (kann, Prät. kunþa; Ausgangspunkt die schwundstuf. Pluralformen kunnum, kunnun aus *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); daneben schwaches Verb ana-kunnan `erkennen' usw. = ahd. kunnēn `noscere, temptare' (schon urgerm., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 146 f.); daneben hochstufiges ōn-Verb anord. kanna `untersuchen';
ahd. (usw.) starkes Verb. kunnan (kann) `wissen, können' (in den älteren Sprachzeiten nur von geistigem können = kennen, Gegensatz zu mögen); dazu das Kaus. got. kannjan (*ĝon-) `bekanntmachen, kundtun', ags. cennan `benachrichtigen, erklären, zuschreiben', ahd. ar-kennen `erkennen', bi-kennen `bekennen', nhd. kennen.
lit. žinaũ, žinóti, lett. zinât `wissen' (žìno = *gen-, danach Pl. žìnome, Inf. žinóti, Partiz. žinótas) == apr. posinna `ich bekenne' (Inf. posinnat, Partiz. posinnāts), ersinnat `erkennen';
sk̂o-Präs. apers. (Konj.) xšnāsātiy `er soll erkennen'; gr. γιγνώσκω, epir. γνώσκω `erkenne', lat. nōsco (gnōsco) `erkenne', ignōsco `habe ein Einsehen, verzeihe' (vgl. ai. anu-jñā-); alb. njoh `ich kenne' (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. Sg. njeh durch Umlaut); s. auch unten lit. pažį́stu;
Perf. ai. jajñā́u, lat. nōvī, ags. cnēow (cnāwan) `erkannte'; gr. Aor. ἔ-γνων, ai. Opt. jñā-yāt; gr. γέγωνα `bin vernehmlich, sage' (auch formell zum Präs. geworden γεγωνέω ds., γεγωνίσκω);
dazu das i̯o-Präs. ai. jñāyáte (Pass. zu jānā́ti), ahd. knāu (ir-, bi-, int-) `erkenne'(*gnē-i̯ō), ags. cnāwan (engl. know) ds. (zum w vgl. lat. nōvī, ai. jajñā́u), mit ahd. urknāt `Erkenntnis', und aksl. znajǫ, znati `kennen, wissen' (*ĝnō-i̯ō);
Desid. ai. jijñāsati, av. zixšnā̊ŋhǝmnā̊ `die erkundigen Wollenden'; lit. pažį́stu, -žinaũ, žìnti `kennen'; nach Leumann IF. 58, 118 aus *ĝn̥-skō herzuleiten; anders Persson Beitr. 341;
Kaus. ai. jñāpayati (die p-Form wäre alt, wenn Charpentier IF. 25, 243 mit Recht arm. canaut` `bekannt', i-St. = ai. jñapti-ḥ `Erkenntnis, Kunde' setzt); aber jñapta- vielmehr retograd aus kausat. jñāpita-, IF. 57, 226 f.
to-Partiz. ĝnō-tó-s (hat vielleicht das ō sekundär von den Verbalformen bezogen): ai. jñātá-ḥ `bekannt', gr. γνωτός (jünger γνωστός) ds. (ἀγνώς, -ω̃τος `unbekannt'), lat. nōtus, air. gnāth `gewohnt, bekannt' (cymr. gnawd `Gewohnheit'; dazu cymr. gnaws, naws `Natur', bret. neuz `Aussehen', als brit. Lw. air. nōs `Sitte'), gall. Κατου-γνᾱτος, Epo-so-gnātus; ai. ajñāta-, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus `unbekannt', air. ingnad `fremd'; daneben *ĝnŏ-tó-s (Umfärbung von *ĝnǝ-tós nach ĝnō-?) in lat. nota `Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Fleck, Mal' (substantiviertes Fem. des Partiz.), Denom. notō, -āre `kennzeichnen, beobachten; tadeln, rügen', daher wohl auch in cognitus, agnitus, vgl. mit derselben Vokalstufe gr. *ἄ-γνο-Fος in ἀγνοέω `weiß nicht', ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια `Unwissenheit'; besser über ἀγνόεω (steht für *ἀνόεω) und lat. nota (zu ὄνοσθαι `tadeln') jetzt Leumann Homer. Wörter 22823; toch. A ā-knats, В a-knātsa s. unten.
ĝnǝ-to-s in mcymr. yngnad, ynad `Richter' (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad `Urteilskraft' (*dē-pro-ĝnǝ-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.
ĝn̥̄-tó-s in lit. pažìntas `bekannt', got. kunþs, ags. cūþ, ahd. kund `kund, bekannt', got. unkunþs `unbekannt'; mit Hochstufe der 1. Silbe av. paiti-zanta- `anerkannt' (wie ā-zainti- `Kunde').
ĝnō-ti- in ai. pra-jñāti-ḥ f. `Erkenntnis', gr. γνω̃σις f. `Erkenntnis', lat. nōti-ō f., aksl. Inf. znati, russ. znatь f. `die Bekannten'; vgl. ahd. urchnât f. `agnitio' (*ĝnē-ti-s);
ĝn̥-tí-s in ahd. kunst (-sti- für -ti-) `Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit' (got. kunþi `Kunde, Erkenntnis' aus *kunþia- n.), lit. pažintìs f. `Erkenntnis';
ĝnō-ter- in ai. jñātár-, av. žnātar- `Kenner', vgl. gr. γνωστήρ, lat. nōtor `Kenner, Bürge'; vgl. ai. jñāna-m (*ĝnō-no-m) `Kunde, Erkenntnis'.
ĝnō-mn̥ in gr. γνω̃μα `Erkennungszeichen; Winkelmaß' (daraus lat. grōma `Meßinstrument der Feldmesser' und, vom Akk. γνώμονα aus, auch norma `Winkelmaß, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, Regel'); aruss. znamja (aksl. znamenije, znakъ) `Zeichen' (von einem entsprechenden lat. *gnōmen ist *cognōmen, agnomen beeinflußt); gr. γνώμη `Meinung' (wohl für *gnō-m[n]ā), vgl. lit. żymė̃ `Merkzeichen' (*žįmė̃); γνώμων `Richtmaß'.
ĝnō-tel- in sloven. znâtelj `Kenner', russ. znátelь `Mitwisser'; auch ai. jñātár- könnte statt zu ĝnō-ter- hierher gehören.
ĝenǝ-tlo- : ĝnō-tlo- `Erkennungszeichen' in lit. žėnklas `Zeichen'; apr. ebsentliuns `bezeichnet': ai. jñātra- n. `Fähigkeit des Erkennens';
germ. *knōþla- in ahd. beknuodilen `vernehmbar werden', einknuadil `insignis'; vgl. lat.(g)nōbilis `kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, odel' (Adjektivierung eines *ĝnō-dhlom `Kennzeichen');
ĝnō-ro- in gr. γνώριμος `kenntlich, bekannt, angesehen', γνωρίζω `mache bekannt' (zu *γνω̃ρον), wozu mit Ablaut *ĝn̥̄-ró-: lat. gnārus `einer Sache kundig', ignārus `unkundig' (ignōro eher aus *ignāro nach nōsco umgefärbt als mit der Ablautstufe von γνώριμος), gnāruris Gloss. `gnārus', ignārurēs `ἀγνοου̃ντες', nārrāre `zu Wissen machen, künden' = umbr. naratu `narrātō', naraklum `nūntiātiō'; als Endglied von Kompositis ai. -jnā̆-, av. uxδa-šna- `die Rede kennend'.
Hierher vermutlich idg. ĝnē-u̯os `kundig, wer es weiß, wie man es zu machen hat, tatkräftig' in anord. knār `tüchtig, kräftig' (ags. gecnǣwe `eingestanden, bekannt' ist dagegen junge Bildungvon cnāwan aus); vgl. (aus *ĝn̥̄-u̯o-s?) lat. nāvus (alt gnāvus) `regsam, tatkräftig', ignāvus `ohne Tatkraft', woneben mit *-ǝu̯- mcymr. go-gnaw `vertraut mit' (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o-?), mbret. gnou `manifeste, évident', abret. inschr. Bodo-cnous (d. i. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), mir. gnō `ausgezeichnet', nir. gnō `business, affairs'. Eine ähnliche Bed.-Entw. in der germ. Sippe aisl. kø̄nn `einsichtsvoll, klug, tüchtig', ags. cēne `kühn, dreist', ahd. kuoni `kühn, kampflustig' (Dehnstufe wie γέγωνα), vgl. mit Tiefstufe lit. žýnė `Hexe' (`die Kluge'), žýnis m. `Hexenmeister';
toch. AB knā- `wissen, erkennen', A ā-knats, В a-knātsa `unwissend'.
Über hitt. ḫa-an-na-i `urteilt' s. Pedersen Hitt. 201 (wenig glaubhaft).
References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Pages: 376-378
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *gen-/gn-
Russian meaning: понимать
English meaning: to understand
Georgian: gen-, gn-
Megrel: gin-, gǝn-
Laz: gn-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 63, EWK 79. В ОСНЯ 1, 296-297 сравнивается с ПИЕ *ǵenǝ- / *ǵnō- 'знать' (при этом картв. g- объясняется контаминацией с *gon- 'думать' q.v.), а также тюрк. *Kön(e)- 'соглашаться, признавать' < ностр. *kENV.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kaṇ-
Meaning : eye
Proto-South Dravidian: *kaṇ Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaṇ Proto-North Dravidian : *qan dravet-meaning,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,dravet-bra,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye
Tamil : kaṇ
Tamil meaning : eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail
Malayalam : kaṇ, kaṇṇu
Malayalam meaning : eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud
Kannada : kaṇ
Kannada meaning : eye, small hole, orifice
Kodagu : kaṇṇɨ
Kodagu meaning : eye, small hole, orifice
Tulu : kaṇṇụ
Tulu meaning : eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear
Number in DED : 1159
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye, loop in string
Kota : kaṇ
Toda : koṇ
Number in DED : 1159
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *kan-
Meaning : eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather
Telugu : kanu
Dialectal forms (1) : kannu
Additional forms : Also kan nīru tears
Number in DED : 1159
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_2,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye
Kolami : kan (pl. kanḍl) "eye, small hole in ground, cave"
Naikri : kan (pl. kanḍḷ) "eye, spot in peacock's tail"
Naiki : kan (pl. -l)
Parji : kan (pl. kanul) "(S only) eye"
Ollari Gadba : kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul)
Salur Gadba : kanu (pl. kankul)
Additional forms : Also Ollari kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole
Number in DED : 1159
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-ollari,kogaet-salur,kogaet-addition,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye
Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kaṇ gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye
Betul Gondi : kan (pl. kank)
Adilabad Gondi : kaṛ (pl. kaṛk)
Number in DED : 1159
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-dednum,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : kaṇ
Meaning: eye
Number in DED : 1159
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kaṇ
Meaning : eye
Pengo : kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku)
Manda : kan (pl. -ke)
Notes : Loss of retroflex articulation in Manda is not quite clear; it either has something to do with the auslaut position (although -ṇ is not prohibited in the auslaut), or is due to development by analogy with the plural form kanke < *kaṇku.
Number in DED : 1159
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-notes,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kan-u (pl. *kaṇ-ka)
Meaning : eye
Kui : kanu (pl. kan-ga)
Khuttia Kui : kanu (pl. kaṛka)
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kannū (pl. karnka)
Kuwi (Schulze) : kannu (kanka)
Sunkarametta Kuwi : kanu (pl. kaṇka)
Parja Kuwi : kanu (pl. kaṇka)
Kuwi (Israel) : kanu (pl. kaṇka)
Number in DED : 1159
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuttia,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_p,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *qan
Meaning : eye, eye of tuber
Kurukh : xann
Malto : qanu
Additional forms : Also KUR xannērnā (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight.
Number in DED : 1159
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Brahui etymology :
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Brahui : xan
Meaning : eye
Number in DED : 1159
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNV
Meaning : to know
Austric : PAA *KVń think
Amerind (misc.) : *ḳan 'see, look' (R 228) [+ A] African (misc.) : Bantu *-gàn- 'think'. Macro-Khoisan *kVʔV[ŋ] "to know". globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-afr,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ki(ha)n-
Meaning: know, learn
Notes: *ḳ- in Som and -g- in Yaaku remain unexplained.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-mgg,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2636
Proto-Semitic: *kVhVn-
Meaning: 'act as a priest' 1, 'to have second sight, profecy' 2, 'priest' 3
Ugaritic: khn 3
Phoenician: khn 3
Hebrew: khn pi. 1, kōhēn 3
Judaic Aramaic: khn 1
Syrian Aramaic: khn 1
Arabic: khn [-a-, -u-]
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-uga,semet-phn,semet-hbr,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-ara,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: t_ny
Meaning: 'learn' (MK)
Notes: Palatalized *k- before a middle vowel
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *kinn-
Meaning: know
Kifri=Giwo: kinn- [Stl]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-krf,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *kan-
Meaning: 'truth' 1, 'true' 2
Bachama: kaná 1 [Kr N 262]
Buduma=Yedina: kánì 2 [LBud]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bch,cchet-bud,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *kVny-
Meaning: knowledge
Mokilko: kónyà [JMkk]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-mkk,
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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :
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Bedauye: kan-
Meaning: 'know'
bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *ki/an-t-
Meaning: 'learn'1 , 'see' 2
Bilin: kǝn-t- 1
Khamir: kin-t- 1
Qwara: kin-t- 1
Awiya (Aungi): kan-t- 2
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-xmr,agwet-kwr,agwet-aun,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳaHin-
Meaning: 'know'
Somali: -qaan/-qiin
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-som,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *ken-
Meaning: 'know'
Hadiya (Gudella): ken-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-had,
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Mogogodo etymology :
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Mogogodo: -gehen-
Meaning: 'know'
mgget-prnum,mgget-meaning,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=alg[w]Ăn (?)
Meaning: to know, ask
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=algwĂn
Meaning: to speak
Proto-West Caucasian: *ga Notes: Cf. also Hurr. kul- 'to say, to pronounce solemnly', see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 54. The EC-WC comparison seems satisfactory both semantically and phonetically (although the reason for loss of labialisation in PWC is not quite clear: perhaps it is the other way round, and we should reconstruct *=agĂl with secondary labialisation in PEC - e.g., under the influence of the 1st class marker *u-). Shagirov (1,161) is of course right in refuting Balkarov's comparison of the Adygh form with Akhv. ž- (žab-) 'to read' (Balkarov 1964, 100).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *gʷVl-
Meaning: to speak, talk
Avar: gal-
Chamalal: gull-
Karata: gal-
Godoberi: gul-at-
Comments: The Kar. form may be borrowed from Avar. All languages reflect stem II *gʷVl-, but stem I *=agʷ- is probably present in And. =agʷ- 'to count'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-chm,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =uk:i-
Meaning: to count; to read
Lak form: =uk:i-n
Comments: G. pr. =u=k:u-nu, dur. k:a-la-n. Cf. Khosr. =uk:i-n, k:ʷala-n id.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=[a]lgwVn
Meaning: 1 to ask 2 to count, to read
Akusha: =alɣʷVn- (Ur.)1
Chiragh: =elgʷVn-/lug- 2
Comments: Ur. dur. =ulɣ.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔalga(n)
Meaning: 1 to talk, speak 2 song
Rutul: =alga- 1
Archi: lagum 2
Comment: The Archi form is a deverbative noun with a petrified plural suffix (-um).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-rut,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ga
Meaning: 1 to call 2 to be heard (of sound, voice)
Abkhaz: a-ga-rá 2
Abaza: ga-ra 2
Adyghe: ǯ́a-n 1
Kabardian: ǯa-n 1
Comments: PAT *ga; PAK *ga (the objective form *ja-ga- means also 'to read, learn, study'). See Shagirov 1, 161.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khān (~ *gh-)
Meaning: see, look, know
Tibetan: mkhan teacher, professor, mkhas ( < *mkhan-s ?) skilled, skillful, wise, scholar.
Comments: Rodong khan, Waling khaŋ`. Sh. 146.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 看
Modern (Beijing) reading: kàn
Preclassic Old Chinese: khāns (~ -rs)
Classic Old Chinese: khānh
Western Han Chinese: khānh
Eastern Han Chinese: khānh
Early Postclassic Chinese: khā̀n
Middle Postclassic Chinese: khā̀n
Late Postclassic Chinese: khā̀n
Middle Chinese: khần
English meaning : to inquire, investigate; to see,look [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) смотреть; просматривать, читать (про себя); 2) навещать; зайти, заглянуть; 3) обходиться как с...; принимать за...; 4) попробовать; посмотрим; 5) думать, считать, полагать; 6) зависеть от...; в зависимости от...; 7) предупредить, уберечься от...; 8) как кажется; как будто; 9) подойти с (чьей-л.) точки зрения; [kān] 1) следить за...; присматривать; ухаживать за (больным, ребенком); 2) охранять, взять под надзор; задержать, арестовать
Comments: Also read *khān (~-r), MC khân, Mand. kān 'to guard, preserve' [Sui].
Radical: 109
Four-angle index: 1684
Karlgren code: 0142 a
Vietnamese reading: khán
Jianchuan Bai: xã4, ?ã1
Dali Bai: xa4
Bijiang Bai: ?e1
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 815
Character: 看
MC description : 山開一去翰溪
ZIHUI: 4170 1752
Beijing: khan 3
Jinan: khã 3
Xi'an: khã 3
Taiyuan: khä̃ 3
Hankou: khan 3
Chengdu: khan 3
Yangzhou: khɛ̃ 3
Suzhou: khö 31
Wenzhou: khö 31
Changsha: khan 31
Shuangfeng: khiɛ̃ 31
Nanchang: khɔn 2
Meixian: khɔn 3
Guangzhou: hɔn 31
Xiamen: khan 31
Chaozhou: thoĩ 21
Fuzhou: khaŋ 31
Shanghai: khö 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: khan 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *ʔkǝŋ (/-k)
Meaning: see, look at
Sunwar: kō-ca see, look at
Kaling: 'konä ('kogu) know how to do smth.
Limbu: khomā (khosu) to find
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: koknɨ
Grammar: vt-3 kukh/kuk-kok
Meaning: know (with infinitive) how to do something
Comments: Tsǝpnɨ akukhɨ? Did you know how to write? ; (with animate patient) be up to someone's wiles or schemes, see through someone; Ana ɨm akukta You are up to his wiles; cf. tsɨknɨ, tsennɨ. dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-comments,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: khɔ:ma
Grammar: vt-4 [1: khɔN- 2: khɔNN- 3: khɔ:-]
Meaning: see
Nepali: dekhnu.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: khaŋma
Stem: <khaks- ; khaŋ->
Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr. & v.intr.aux. & v.tr.aux.
Meaning: 1) v.intr. & v.tr. a to look at; b) to see; 2) v.intr.aux. & v.tr.aux. expresses that the situation denoted by the main verb has an explorative character, to try and see, to look and see.
Nepali: dekhnu, hernu
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,
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