Long-range etymologies : List with all references

Celtic: *g^u̯enā, gen. g^u̯nā-s, pl. gen. *g^u̯nōm > OIr ben, gen. mn̄a, pl. gen. ban; ban-: ban-chū `weibl. Hund'; Cymr ben-yw `weiblich', Corn ben-en `sponsa'

Albanian: zónjë, pl. -a 'lady'

Russ. meaning: женщина, жена

References: WP I 681

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: жена́,

Near etymology: жени́ться, укр. жона́, жíнка, блр. жана́, ст.-слав. жена, γυνή, болг. жена́, сербохорв. жѐна, словен. žéna, чеш., слвц. žena "женщина, жена", польск. żona, в.-луж., н.-луж. žona.

Further etymology: Родственно др.-прусск. genno зв. п. "женщина!", др.-инд. jániṣ "жена, женщина", gnā "богиня", авест. gǝnā-, ɣǝnā, ɣnā "женщина, жена", ǰaini -- то же, арм. kin, гот. qinô "жена, супруга", qēns -- то же, греч. γυνή, беот. βανά "жена", ирл. ben, тохар. А śän, В śana "женщина"; см. Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 13, 99; Траутман, BSW 84; Apr. Sprd. 337; Педерсен, Kelt. Gr. 1, 47; Файст 388; Торп 60; Лиден, Tochar. Stud. 30.

Trubachev's comments: [См. еще Трубачев, Терм. родства, стр. 105. -- Т.]

Pages: 2,46

vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-trubachev,vasmer-pages,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *gen-ā̂ f.

Meaning: woman

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Prussian: genno `Frau' V. 188

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-oprus,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *kwinōn, *kunōn; *kwēni-z, *kwēnō

Meaning: woman

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: kʷinō f. (n) `woman, female'; kʷēn-s f. (i) `wife'

Old Norse: kona f. `Frau'; kvǟn, kvān, kvɔ̄n f. `Frau'; kvendi n. `Weiber'; kvenna, kvinna f. `Weib, Frau'

Norwegian: kona, dial. kvɔn `Frau', kvende `Weiber'; kvinna `Weib, Frau'

Swedish: kona `Frau', kvinna `Weib, Frau'

Danish: kone `Frau', kvinde `Weib, Frau'

Old English: cwene (cwyne), -an f., cwēn, -e, pl. cwēne/-a f. `woman; wife; queen'

English: quean, queen

Old Saxon: quena `Frau'; quān st. f. `Ehefrau'

Middle Dutch: quene, kone `Frau'

Dutch: kween f.

Old High German: quena `Frau'

Middle High German: kon(e), kan, kun, quëne wk. f. 'weib, eheweib'

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 717

Root: gʷē̆nā

English meaning: woman, wife

German meaning: `Weib, Frau'

Grammatical comments: Gen. gʷn-ās und *gʷ_en-ās, auch Nom. gʷenǝ-, gʷenī-

Material: Ai. gnā (*gʷnā) f. `Götterweib' (zum Teil zweisilb. *g^anā), Gen. gnā́s-; av. gǝnā, ɣnā `Frau, Weib'; ai. jáni-ḥ = av. jaini-, npers. zan ds. (ai. auch jánī); in Kompositis ai. dehnstuf. -jāni- = av. jāni- ds.;

arm. kin (*gʷena) `Frau', Pl. kanai-k (*gʷ_en-ai + Plur.-Endung -k) ; aphryg. βονοκ, nphryg. βανεκος `Weib' ist wohl Lw. aus dem äol. Gr.; anders Kleinhans bei Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.

gr. γυνή `Frau' (*gʷ_unā), Gen. γυναικός, neben böot. βανά̄ (*gʷ_enā), Pl. βανη̃κες; *gʷnā-, daraus *βνᾱ-, gr. μνᾱ- steckt in μνάομαι `freie', dazu μνηστήρ `Freier', μνηστύς `Werbung', μνηστη ἄλοχος `rechtmäßige Gattin' (mit sekundärem -σ-);

air. ben (*gʷenā), Gen. Sg. mná (*gʷn-ās), Gen. Pl. ban (*gʷ_en-ōm), im Kompositum ban-(ban-chú `weiblicher Hund'); daneben bé n. `Frau' (*gʷen); cymr. ben-yw `weiblich', corn. ben-en `sponsa';

alb. zonjë `Herrin, Frau' (*gʷeniā) ; gheg. grue, tosk. grua `Frau' (*gʷn-ōn);

nach Vetter Gl. 23, 204 hierher messap. benna `Gattin' und (?) lepont. venia (Gl. 15, 12);

got. qino (*gʷen-ōn-) = ags. cwene, ahd. quena, mhd. quene `Frau, Ehefrau'; daneben reduktionsstuf. mhd. kone, ds., anord. kona (Gen. Pl. kvenna) `Frau' (*gʷ_en-on-); dehnstuf. got. qēns `Ehefrau' (*gʷēni-s = av. jáni-, ai. jāni-), anord. kvǣn, kvān, ags. cwēn, asächs. quān ds.;

apr. genna, Vok. genno `Frau';

aksl. žena `Frau'; ženinъ `weiblich' = got. qineins ds.;

toch. A śäṁ (Pl. śnu) = В śana (Obl. śno) `Frau'; Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 37 f.

References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 296, 582 f., Tagliavini L'Albanese di Dalmatia 126.

Pages: 473-474

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-grammar,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *kune ( ~ g-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: one of several wives

Russian meaning: одна из нескольких жен

Turkic: *güni

Japanese: *kuanami

Comments: A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Evn. qōŋań 'witch' (ТМС 1, 411).

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *güni

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 co-wife 2 envy, jealousy 3 jealous, envious person 4 to be jealous, envy

Russian meaning: 1 одна из нескольких жен 2 зависть, ревность 3 ревнивец, завистник 4 ревновать, завидовать

Old Turkic: küni (OUygh.) 2

Karakhanid: küni (MK) 1

Turkish: gönü, günü 1, 2

Tatar: köndäš 1, kön-če 3, kene (dial.) 2

Middle Turkic: küni (MA, Pav. C.) 1, 2

Uzbek: kundaš 1, kunči 3

Uighur: kündäš 1, kün-lü- 4, kün-či 3

Sary-Yughur: kun bol- 4 (ЯЖУ)

Azerbaidzhan: günü 1

Turkmen: güni 1

Khakassian: kün-ne- 4, künǯi 3

Oyrat: künü 2

Yakut: künǖ 2

Tuva: xün-ne- 4

Kirghiz: künü, kündöš 1, künü-lö- 'to be jealous (of women)'

Kazakh: kündes 1, kün-de- 4

Noghai: kündes 1, kün-le- 4

Bashkir: köndäš 1, kön-lä- 4, kön-sö 3

Karaim: kündeš 1, kün-le-, künü-le-, könü-le- 4

Karakalpak: kündes 1, kün-le- 4

Kumyk: gün-čü 3

Comments: VEWT 307, 309, EDT 727, ЭСТЯ 3, 104-105, Мудрак 76, Федотов 1, 269. Cf. perhaps also Yak. kij̃īt, Dolg. kinīt 'sister-in-law' (?).

turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kuanami

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: first wife (in polygamy)

Russian meaning: первая жена (при многоженстве)

Old Japanese: kwonamji

Middle Japanese: kónámí

Comments: JLTT 456.

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-comments,

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Eskimo etymology :

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Proto-Eskimo: *aʁna- (~ *-ʁń-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: woman, female

Russian meaning: женщина, самка

Proto-Yupik: *áʁńa-

Proto-Inupik: *aʁna-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 43

esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,

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Yupik etymology :

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Proto-Yupik: *áʁńa-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: woman 1, girl 2, female (in compounds) 3

Russian Meaning: женщина 1, девочка 2, самка (в сложениях) 3

Chaplino: aʁnáq (t), áʁnaq* 1, aʁnáʁaq 2, aʁna- 3

Naukan: áʁnaq 1, áʁnaʁáq 2, aʁna- 3

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 3

Chugach (AAY): aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 3

Koniag (AAY): aʁnaq 1, AP aʁjaɣaq 2, Kod aʁja[ɣ]aq 'unmarried young woman', aʁna- 3

Chugach (Birket-Smith): ạʁǝnạq 1

Central Alaskan Yupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 3

Nunivak (Peripheral): aʁnaχ* 1

Norton Sound (Peripheral): aʁnaʁaq 2

PAME: *aʁnaq

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 43

yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chug,yupet-koni,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-nrts,yupet-pame,yupet-ced,

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Inupik etymology :

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Proto-Inupik: *ạʁna-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: woman 1, female (in compounds) 2

Russian meaning: женщина 1, самка (в сложениях) 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq áʁnáq 1, aʁná- 2, W aŋ̇naq* (āk, ąt) 1

North Alaskan Inupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 2

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl aʁnaq 1

Western Canadian Inupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 2

WCI Dialects: Cor, M aʁnaq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: aʁnaq 1, aʁna- 2

Greenlandic Inupik: aʁnaq (arnaq*) 1, aʁna- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 43

inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVn-

Meaning: co-wife, sister-in-law

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *kann-at- 'daughter/sister-in-law' ~ *kinatt- 'menial 2, (?) concubine'

Berber: i-kniw 'twin; be twin, be co-wife' ~ *ta-kna(w) 'co-wife, concubine'

Western Chadic: *kin- 'co-wife'1, 'sister' 2 , 'marry' 3

Central Chadic: *kunu 'co-wife' 1, 'grandmother or her sibling' 2

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kiyan 'marriage'

afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-agw,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 31

Proto-Semitic: *kann-at- 1 ~ *kinatt- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'daughter/sister-in-law' 1, 'menial' 2, (?) 'concubine' 3

Akkadian: kinattu 'menial, person of servile status attached to a household, doing agricultural and other work under supervision; person of equal social status, comrade, colleague' , from OB on (CAD k, 381; AHw, 479); kinītu 'eine Nebenfrau?' (concubine) SB (AHw, 480, not in CAD) (=qinītu 'concubine, second-rating wife' LL (CAD q, 254)

Hebrew: *kǝnāt 'Gefährte' (KB deutsch, 463)

Aramaic: Off. knt 'companion, colleage' (HJ, 520-1)

Biblical Aramaic: *kǝnāt 'Kollege' (KB deutsch, 1725)

Judaic Aramaic: knt 'colleage' (Sokoloff, 264; < Akk)

Syrian Aramaic: kǝnāt- 'collega, socius; socia' (Brock., 334; < Akk.)

Arabic: kann-at- 'belle-fille, femme du fils; belle-soeur, femme du frère' (BK 2, 932)

Tigre: kǝnto 'title for girls with the Mänsa' (LH, 416)

Notes: Considered an Akkadism in Aram.

semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-bib,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-ara,semet-tgr,semet-notes,

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Berber etymology :

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Proto-Berber: *i-kniw 1, 3 ~ *i-kniw 2 ~ *ta-kna(w)- 4

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be twin' 1, 'twin' 2, 'be co-wife, concubine' 3, 'co-wife, concubine' 4, be jealous' 5

Ghadames: takna, pl. takniwīn/tekna 4; eknǝw 5

Ayr: ekne 2, takna, pl. taknawen 4

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): eknu 1, 3; êkné 2, têkné 4

Semlal: ikni, ikinnuw 2, täkna, pl. täkniwin 4

Snus: ta-kna 4

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): ik_niw 1, 3; ik_en 2, tak_na 4

brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-ghd,brbet-ayr,brbet-ahg,brbet-sml,brbet-snu,brbet-qbl,

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West Chadic etymology :

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Proto-WChadic: *kin-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'co-wife' 1, 'sister' 2, 'marry' 3

Warji: kin-ai 1 [SkNb]

Kariya: kin 1 [SkNb]

Miya: kin 1, 3 [SkNb]

Cagu: kīne 1 [SkNb]

Mburku: kinā 1 [SkNb]

Jimbin: kina 1 [SkNb]

Sha: čín 2 [JgR]

Kulere: kin 2 [JgR]

Notes: cp. Mupun kǝ̄n 'male relative of mother', Tangale kɛnụ-k 'maternal uncle; a sister's child' [JgT]

wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-wrj,wchet-kry,wchet-miy,wchet-cag,wchet-mbu,wchet-jmb,wchet-sha,wchet-klr,wchet-notes,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *kunu

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'co-wife' 1, 'grandmother or her sibling' 2

Daba: kwunu 1 [Mo: 131]

Gude: kǝ̀-kǝńǝ 2 [Hs]

Notes: Cf. Masa (Banana) kwéyna 'guest'.

cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-dab,cchet-gde,cchet-notes,

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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

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Proto-Agaw: *kiyan

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'marriage'

Bilin: keɣān

Khamir: kīyan

Qwara: kīyan, kēn

Qemant: kiyan

Notes: Con Ros Kem 218

agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,agwet-xmr,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,agwet-notes,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qwä̆nV́

Meaning: woman

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *qwä̆nV

Yenisseian: *qVm- (~χ-)

Burushaski: *ɣen-

Comments and references : NSC 56 *qwEnV.

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *qwä̆nV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: woman

Proto-Nakh: *qin

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁinV (~ʁ:-)

Proto-Lak: qami

Proto-Lezghian: *χon-p:V

Proto-Khinalug: χin-

Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝχ́ʷA

Notes: One of several common NC roots meaning 'woman, female'. Its specific usage in Lak. (where qami is phonetically a development < *qan-bi with the old plural suffix) and PL suggests that it may have been a collective noun 'women', at least, in PEC.

In PWC *p(ǝ)- is a frequent nominal prefix. We should note also some phonetic irregularities: Khin. χ- instead of expected q- (probably under influence of Az. χanɨm 'lady' /which has nothing to do with the root in question/ or related Lezghian forms; direct borrowing from Kryz or Az. is rather improbable in this case); PL *χon-p:V instead of expected *χʷen-p:V - probably, an early reduction in a polysyllabic pluralis tantum. Otherwise the correspondences are regular, and the reconstruction seems rather secure.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *qin

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wife of brother-in-law 2 daughter-in-law

Chechen: qin 1

Ingush: qɨ 2

Comments: Obl. base *qina- (Chech. qina-, Ing. qɨno-).

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *ʁinV (~ʁ:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: woman

Tsezi: ʁIana

Khvarshi: ʁini

Inkhokvari: ʁIine

Comments: PTsKh *ʁiInV (in Tsez. two forms coexist: ʁIana and ʁIana-bi, the latter being a former plural).

cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: qami

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: women (pl.)

Lak form: qami

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *χon-p:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 woman 2 women (pl.t.)

Lezghian: χnub 1 (dial.)

Tabasaran: χp:i-šiw 1

Agul: χumb-ar 2

Kryz: χɨnɨb 1

Archi: χom 2

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Kand. χp:i-r (pl. χp:-ar), Ag. Bursh. χewe-r (pl. χaw-ar) 'woman'. Originally pluralis tantum with *-p:V as a plural marker; -ar in Ag. χumbar, Tab. pl. χp:-ar had been added later. The Lezg. and Kryz. forms are somewhat resembling Az. χanɨm 'lady', but borrowing is quite improbable for phonetic reasons.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-krz,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,

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Khinalug etymology :

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Khinalug root: χin-

North Caucasian etymology: 115

Meaning: woman

Khinalug form: χinimḳir

Comments: The root is χin(i)- (cf. plur. χɨnɨ-bɨr); the meaning of -mḳir is as yet unclear.

khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝχ́ʷA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: daughter

Abkhaz: a-pħá

Abaza: pħa

Adyghe: pχʷǝ

Kabardian: pχʷǝ

Ubykh: pχ́a

Comments: PAT *pǝħa (with a secondary dissimilative delabialisation); PAK *pχʷǝ. The root must have originally meant 'woman' in general and has preserved this meaning in PWC *pǝχ́ʷA-śʷǝ: PAT *pǝħʷǝśǝ 'woman' (Abkh. a-pħʷǝ́s, Bz. a-pħʷǝ́ś, Abaz. pħʷǝs) = Ub. pχ́ašʷ 'wife'. Cf. also Ub. pχ́a-ʒá 'wife, woman'.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *qVm- (~χ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: woman

Ket: qīm, pl. -n¹; qim-mas^5,6 "to marry"

Yug: xem / xim, pl. -n¹; xem-mas^5,6 "to marry"

Arin: biqam-al (Срсл.) "wife"; (Сл.) biqam-álte; (М.) bɨqam álte "wife"; (Лоск.) kemel "woman", kekmelte "wife"

Pumpokol: ilsém (Сл.), ilzem (Срсл.) "wife"

Comments: ССЕ 266. Ar. bi- is a possessive prefix (lit. "my wife"). Pumpokol has a compound with the component ils- (present also in ils-et 'husband'). Werner 2, 90.

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,

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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *ɣen-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: queen

Yasin: ɣéndeṣ

Hunza: ɣéniṣ, pl. ɣénaŋ

Nagar: ɣéniṣ, pl. ɣénaŋ

buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

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