Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVLV

Meaning : to be

Eurasiatic : *woɣlV

Afroasiatic : *wVʕ/ɣl- (Sem., Berb., Cush.)

Sino-Caucasian : NC *HVʎU

Reference : МССНЯ 332; ND 2472.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *woɣlV

Meaning: to be

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ṑlu

Uralic: *wole-

Dravidian: *uḷ-[u-]/[d-]

Eskimo-Aleut: *ǝlru-ci- ?

References: МССНЯ 332; ND 2472.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ṑlu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be, become; to come

Russian meaning: быть, становиться; приходить

Turkic: *ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur-

Mongolian: *ol-

Tungus-Manchu: *ō-

Korean: *ó-

Comments: SKE 174, Menges 1984, 281-282, АПиПЯЯ 284. Note the loss of *-l- in Kor. and some Turkic forms, which may indicate the original monosyllabic nature of the verb (*ṑl).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to sit

Russian meaning: сидеть

Old Turkic: oltur- (OUygh.), olur- (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: oltur- (MK), ol- 'to be' (At., IM), 'to become ripe' (MK, IM, Bulgat)

Turkish: otur-

Tatar: utɨr-

Middle Turkic: oltur- (Бор. Бад., Abush., Pav. C.), (?) ol- 'to be' (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: ụtir-

Uighur: oltur-

Azerbaidzhan: otur-

Turkmen: otur-

Khakassian: odɨr-

Oyrat: otur-

Chuvash: lar-

Yakut: olor-

Dolgan: olor-

Tuva: olur-

Tofalar: olɨr-

Kirghiz: otur-

Kazakh: otɨr-

Noghai: oltɨr-

Bashkir: ultɨr-

Balkar: oltur-

Gagauz: otur-

Karaim: otur-

Karakalpak: otɨr-

Salar: oht(ɨr)-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 489-492. EDT 125, 331-332, VEWT 79, TMN 2, 358, Stachowski 192. See also the comments on *bōl- ' to be, become'. From the forms phonetically looking like ol- 'to be, become' the only actual reflexes of PT *ol- may be Middle Uygh. (At., Tefs., IM - opposed to bar, bir-) and Middle Kypchak (Bulgat, Ettuhf.), cf. ЭСТЯ 2, 186; Chag. ol- may as well be < Oghuz.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ol-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to find, obtain

Russian meaning: находить, получать

Written Mongolian: ol- (L 607)

Middle Mongolian: ol- (SH, HYt), ula- (IM), ul- (MA)

Khalkha: ol-

Buriat: olo-

Kalmuck: ol-

Ordos: ol-

Dongxian: olu-

Baoan: ol-, olǝ-

Dagur: wal-, ol-, olo- (Тод. Даг. 159), ole- (MD 201)

Shary-Yoghur: ōl-

Monguor: ōli- (SM 296), (MGCD ulǝ-)

Mogol: wɔl-, ɔl-, ul- (Weiers); ZM āl (24-9a)

Comments: KW 284, MGCD 526, 527.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ō-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to make; become 2 new

Russian meaning: 1 делать; стать 2 новый

Evenki: ōmakta 2, ō- 1

Even: ō- 1

Negidal: ō- 1

Spoken Manchu: o- 1 (3018)

Literary Manchu: o- 1

Jurchen: o-fia (829) 1

Ulcha: o- 1

Orok: o- 1

Nanai: o- 1

Udighe: o-, ō- 1

Solon: ō- 1

Comments: ТМС 2, 3-4.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ó-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to come

Russian meaning: приходить

Modern Korean: o-

Middle Korean: ó-

Comments: Nam 379, KED 1196.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1175

Proto: *wole

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to be, become

German meaning: sein, werden

Finnish: ole- 'sein'

Estonian: ole-

Mordovian: ule- (E M) 'sein, werden'

Mari (Cheremis): ǝ̑la- (KB), ula- (U B) 'sein'

Udmurt (Votyak): vi̮l- (S), vǝ̑l- (K), vị̑lị̑- (G) 'sein, existieren', val (S G) 'war'

Komi (Zyrian): ve̮l- (S), ve̮v- (P), vȯ^.l- (PO) 'sein; es gibt', vi̮ji̮m (VU) 'ist, es gibt'

Khanty (Ostyak): wăl- (V), wăл-, wŏл- (Trj.), ut- (DN), ol- (O) 'leben, sein, wohnen'

Mansi (Vogul): āl- (TJ), ōl- (KU P), ɔ̄l- (So.) 'werden, sein'

Hungarian: vol-, val-, vagy- 'sein, sich befinden', vagyon 'Vermögen, Besitz', vala-ki 'jemand', vala-mi 'etwas'

Sammalahti's version: *wo/ali-

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *uḷ-[u-]/[d-]

Meaning : to be

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *uḷ-

Proto-Telugu : *uṇ-ḍ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ḷō- (*VḷV-)

Brahui : uṭ

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *uḷ-

Meaning : to be, exist

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : uḷ

Tamil meaning : to be, have (1 sg. uḷēn_, uḷḷēn_, 3 sg. m. uḷan_, neut. ulaṭu, 3 pl. m. uḷar, neut. uḷa)

Tamil derivates : uṇṭu is, are (existence); uḷḷa who is, which is, true, actual; uḷḷatu, uḷatu that which is, truth, soul; uḷḷavan_ he who has, rich person; uḷḷār those who are present, those who possess; uḷamai truth, reality; uḷavu real nature; uṇmai existence, reality, state of being, nature, truth

Malayalam : uḷ

Malayalam meaning : to be there, exist

Malayalam derivates : uṇṭu there is, exists; uḷḷa existing, true, real, in or to which there is; uḷavu coming into existence; uḷḷavan rich; uṇma reality, truth; (K.M. Narayna Menon, p. 36) oṇṭu has; oḷḷa having; (p. 258) oḷḷama, oṇma existence

Kannada : uḷ (3 pers. uṇṭu), oḷ

Kannada meaning : to be, have; adj. that is, that is true

Kannada derivates : uḷḷa being, having, being able; uḷḷatana state of being or having; uṇṭu that is or exists, existence, existing; oḷ(u)pu, oḷuhu essence, possession, trueness; uṇmu to arise, come into existence (or in DEDR 4482)

Kodagu : uḷḷ- (3 pers. uṇḍɨ)

Kodagu meaning : to be, be in a place, have

Tulu : uḷḷ- (3 sg. neut. uṇḍu; pres. tense)

Tulu meaning : to be, exist, have

Proto-Nilgiri : *oḷ-[ḍ]-

Number in DED : 0697

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *oḷ-[ḍ]-

Meaning : to exist, be in a place

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : oḷ- (3 pers. neut. oḍo-)

Toda : wɨḷd- (3. pers. wɨḍ-i)

Additional forms : Also Kota oḍ truth

Number in DED : 697

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *uṇ-ḍ-

Meaning : to be, exist, live, dwell

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : uṇḍu

Additional forms : Also [1] unucu, [2] uncu to place, put, set, lay, keep, preserve, set apart for a purpose, appoint; uniki existence, being, remaining, stay, dwelling, home, place, residence, state, condition

Number in DED : 697

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ḷō- (*VḷV-)

Meaning : to dwell

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ḷō-

Notes : SDR parallels; the root may be bisyllabic.

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ḷō-

Meaning : to abide, remain

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : lohpa (loht-) "to abide, remain, reside"

Kuwi (Schulze) : loy-, lōi- "to remain"

Number in DED : 697

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : uṭ

Meaning : (pres. 1 sg.) to be

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Additional forms : Also 2sg. us, 1pl. un, 2pl. ure, 3pl. ur).

Number in DED : 697

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ǝlru-ci-

Meaning: shape, form, nature

Russian meaning: вид, форма, стать

Proto-Yupik: *ǝlu-ci-ʁ-

Proto-Inupik: *ǝl(ʁ)u-ci- ~ *ǝrru-ci-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 117

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *ǝlu-ci-ʁ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: shape, form, nature

Russian Meaning: вид, форма, стать

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: lūciq, lūciʁ- 'all, whole'

Central Alaskan Yupik: ǝluciq

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 117

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *ǝl(ʁ)u-ci- ~ *ǝrru-ci-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: habit, shape, form

Russian meaning: особенность, вид, форма

North Alaskan Inupik: irrusiq 'behavoir, appearance'

NAI Dialects: Qaw irrusiq 'character, condition', PH ilʁusiq 'habit', B ilisiq 'behaviour, manner'

Western Canadian Inupik: ijjusiq 'manner of being, habit'

Eastern Canadian Inupik: ilusiq 'habit', ilusiq 'appearance'

Greenlandic Inupik: ilusiq 'shape, form'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 117

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