Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MV

Meaning : demonstr. pronoun

Eurasiatic : *mV

Afroasiatic : *mV (Sem. suff., Chad.)

Sino-Caucasian : *mV

Austric : *mV equal, same; here also PAA *mVj 'one'?

Amerind (misc.) : *mo 'he / she; that' (R 365) [+ A]; *ma-n 'one' (R 532) [+ A]

Reference : ND 1510; GE 93 *mo 'this'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mV

Meaning: demonstr. pronoun

Borean: Borean

Altaic: ? Turk. *bu(-n)

Uralic: *mu

Kartvelian: *ma-

References: ND 1510 *mu(wV) 'this, that'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 560

Proto: *mu

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: other, ? this, that

German meaning: ander(er), ? dieser, jener

Finnish: muu 'anderer'

Estonian: muu 'anderer, sonstig'

Saam (Lapp): nub'be -bb- 'one (of two), other, second, next' (N), nubbē (L) 'der zweite, der eine, der andere', nu_impe (T), nu_imp (Kld.), nu_ipp (Not.), nump (A)

Mari (Cheremis): molǝ̑ (KB), molo (U B) 'ein anderer, der andere'

Udmurt (Votyak): mi̮d (S), mǝ̑d (K) 'anderer, anderes', muket (S G) 'verschieden, anderer'

Komi (Zyrian): me̮d (S P), můd (PO) 'anderer, zweiter', muke̮d (S P), mukø^.d (PO) 'anderer, irgendein'

Khanty (Ostyak): måki̮ (Trj.) 'früher, ehemals', măχa, mŏχa (Kaz.) 'früher' ?

Mansi (Vogul): mɛ̮̄t (TJ), māt (KU), mōt (P), mɔ̄t (So.) 'fremder, (KU) anderer', mē̮tǝŋś (P) 'auf eine andere Weise', māt (TJ), mōt (KU P), mɔ̄t (So.) 'zweiter, anderer'

Hungarian: más 'ander(er); Kopie', másik 'der andere', második 'der zweite', másol 'kopieren, (altung.) ändern', ? ma 'heute, (altung.) nun, jetzt', már 'schon, bereits', most 'jetzt, nun'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ma-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: местоименная основа 3 л.

English meaning: 3rd person pronoun

Georgian: ma-

Megrel: mu-

Svan: ma-

Laz: mu-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 124, EWK 226. В ОСНЯ 2, 303 сопоставляется с урал. *mū / *mō 'другой', алт. *bu (*mu-n-) "этот", а также с ПИЕ *mo- (анат. *mo-, кельт. *ma- "этот"); ср. аналогично Бомхард 1996, 200. Климов (ibid.; 1969, 291) отмечает и кавказские параллели, ср. ПСК *mV "этот, тот" (NCED 842-843).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mV

Meaning: he, demonstr. stem

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mV

Sino-Tibetan: *mV

Yenisseian: *wV

Comments and references : NSC 64 *mV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a demonstrative pronoun (this,that)

Proto-Tsezian: *mV

Proto-Lak: mu

Proto-Lezghian: *mV

Proto-West Caucasian: *mǝ-

Notes: The vocalism is hard to reconstruct (because of morphological restructuring in daughter-languages). The root is represented widely enough to justify its reconstruction for PNC.

    See Trubetzkoy 1930, 274; Абдоков 1983, 139.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *mV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a demonstrative stem

Tsezi: he-me-si

Comments: Preserved only in Tsez.(he-me-si 1st cl., he-me-ʎa 2-4th cl. 'that (far, invisible'), but having good external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: mu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: that (near to the listener)

Lak form: mu

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *mV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: demonstrative pronoun

Lezghian: a-m, i-m

Tabasaran: mu, du-mu

Agul: mi

Rutul: mi

Tsakhur: ma-n

Kryz: ä-m

Udi: me

Comment: A common demonstrative stem (mostly near deixis "this", but also a component of compound pronouns). Reconstruction of vocalism uncertain (as in many auxiliary morphemes).

    See Кахадзе 1973б, 41; Алексеев 1985, 75.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *mǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: demonstrative pronoun

Adyghe: mǝ

Kabardian: mǝ

Comments: PAK *mǝ- 'this', *mǝ-wǝ- 'that'. Although Ub. and AT have lost this morpheme, it is obviously archaic and has good parallels in EC.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: demonstrative pronoun

Chinese: 某 *mǝ̄ʔ someone, somebody

Kiranti: *m[è] that

Comments: Cf. also Bai mɨ3, Cuona mo.35, Manipuri ma-du.

Chinese characters :

Character: 某

Modern (Beijing) reading: mǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄ʔ

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄́

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄́

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄́

Early Postclassic Chinese: mṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄́w

Middle Chinese: mʌ́w

English meaning : someone, so-and-so

Russian meaning[s]: 1) некий, некто, такой-то, Н-ский; 2) стар. я

Comments: For *m cf. Xiamen bɔ³, Chaozhou mou³, Fuzhou mu³, Jianou me³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5176

Karlgren code: 0948 a-b

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 769

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 某

MC description : 流開一上厚明

ZIHUI: 2673 1497

Beijing: mou 2

Jinan: mu 2

Xi'an: mu 2

Taiyuan: mu 2

Hankou: mou 2

Chengdu: moŋ 2

Yangzhou: mo 2

Suzhou: möy 11

Wenzhou: mo 22

Changsha: môu 2

Shuangfeng: mie 2

Nanchang: mɛu 2

Meixian: mɛu 11

Guangzhou: mau 22

Xiamen: bɔ 2

Chaozhou: mou 21

Fuzhou: meu 2 (lit.); mu 2

Shanghai: mô 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: mu 2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *m[è]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: that

Sunwar: me-ko he, it, that

Tulung: mö, me, mi-

Kaling: mä-m that

Kulung: meksa 'thither', mǝnpi 'there'

Yamphu: mo 'that one'

Comments: Toba 97 *mäm.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: meksa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adv.

Meaning: thither, towards there (on same plain, (from speaker)

Nepali: utā.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: mo

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: demons.pron.

Meaning: a) that one, the one over there, that, yon; b) the one previously mentioned

Comments: mosäʔ; moeʔ ; mweʔ ergative; moji non-singular independent form; moha plural dependant form; mohaji plural independent form.

Nepali: u, unī, unīharū

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: he, she

Ket: bū / bu, pl. būŋ

Yug: bu, pl. be:ŋ / bue:ŋ³

Kottish: bari (Ass.) (М., Сл., Кл.) "he"

Arin: au (М., Сл.) "he"

Comments: ССЕ 294. Ar. bu (Кл.) "he", bujeg (Срсл., Кл.) "they" are probably recordings of Yug forms. Werner 1, 146 <*bu>.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *mV

Meaning: same, equal

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *mǝ / *moh

Austroasiatic meaning: equal, same

Miao-Yao parallels: *mV that

Proto-Thai: smao.A equal

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *mǝ / *moh

Meaning: equal, same

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: smao.A equal

Proto-Bahnaric: CHR sǝmǝ < KMR ?

Khmer: smaǝ

Proto-Monic: OM smoh

References: S-395

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: smaǝ

Meaning: equal, impartial

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic:

Meaning: equal, alike

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: smah V?

Old Mon: smoh

References: S-395

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