Long-range etymologies : List with all references

References: ND 2262 *te/al̄o 'be/make foolish, deceive' (+ Hbr); 2264 *tulV "tell, pronounce magic texts'; 2265 *tULV 'to line up (?)' (hardly distinguishable).

nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *dol-

Meaning: calculation, fraud

Armenian: toɫ `Linie, Reihe'

Old Greek: dólo-s `Lockspeise, Lockmittel, Trug, List'

Germanic: *tal-a- n.; *tal-ōn- f.; *tal-ō- vb., *tal-ja- vb., *tal-z-ia- vb.

Latin: dolus, -ī m. `List, Täuschung'

Other Italic: Osk dolom (mallum) `dolum (malum)', dolud (malud) `dolō (malō)'

Russ. meaning: расчет, обман

References: WP I 808 f

piet-meaning,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *tala-n; *talōn; talōn- vb., *taljan- vb., *talzian- vb.

Meaning: tale, number, count, tell

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: tal n. `Zahl, Berechnung; Untertredung'; tala `Zahl, Zählung; Rechnung; Rede, Unterhaltung'; tala wk. `reden, sprechen'; telja wk. `zählen, rechnen; erzählen, sprechen'; untals, talzjan `lehren'

Norwegian: tal; tala; tala vb.; telja vb.

Swedish: tal; tala vb.; talja vb.

Danish: tal; tale vb.; tälle vb.

Old English: täl (tel), -es n. `tale, number, series'; talu, -e f. `tale, talk, story; talk, discussion; charge, claim; tale, list'; talian (-ode) `suppose (a thing to be such and such, consider, reckon; impute, ascribe'; tellan (tealde; teald) `to tell, narrate, recount, state a case; to tell, count, reckon, oompute, calculate'; tǟl, -e f. `evil speaking , calumny, detractyion', tāl, -e f., tāl, -es n. (?) `evil-speaking, calumny, slander, vituperation, detraction; scorn, mock; blame, censure, reproof'

English: tale, tell

Old Frisian: tale, tele `Zahl, Erzählung, Rede, Verteidigung'; talia `zählen, erzählen'; tella `rekenen, berekenen, verhallen, meedelen', talia

Old Saxon: tala f. `som, getal'; tal, gital; tala `Zahl'; talon `tellen, berekenen, overleggen'; talia `tellen, berekenen, menen'; tellian `tellen, vertellen, meedelen'

Middle Dutch: tael-, tāle f. `taal, woorden, verhaal, spraak'; tālen `spreken'; tal `getal, telling', tellen `tellen, optellen, vertellen, meedelen, achten'

Dutch: taal f., tal n., talen, tellen

Old Franconian: tellon `vertellen'

Middle Low German: tale `Rede, Rede vor Gericht, Geldbusse', tale f. `Rede'; tālen `zählen, erzählen, bezahlen', tal `Zahl, Anzahl, Zählung, Rechnung'

Old High German: zala f. (8.Jh.) `Zahl, Anzahl, Aufzählung, Erzählung, Rede'; zalōn wk. (um 1000) `zählen, berechnen, überdenken'; zellen wk. (8.Jh.) `(auf-, zu-)zählen, berechnen, erzählen, verkünden, bekennen, halten für, (aus)sagen, sprechen'; gizal

Middle High German: zal(e) st. f. 'zahl, bestimmte und unbestimmte anzahl usw.'; zaln, zalen wk. 'zählen, rechnen, berechnen; berichten'; zɛln, zɛlen, zɛllen wk. 'zählen, rechnen usw.'

German: Zahl f., zählen, zahlen

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-olfrank,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 329

Root: del-1

English meaning: to put by; to count, tell

German meaning: `zielen, berechnen, nachstellen', auch `listig schädigen' und `zählen, erzählen'

Derivatives: dolo- `Abzielen, (böse) Absicht'

Material: Vielleicht arm. toɫ `Linie, Reihe', toɫem `reihe aneinander';

gr. δόλος `List, Köder', δολόω `überliste', δόλων `kleiner Dolch der Meuchelmörder' (über δόλων `Segelstange' s. unter del-3);

aus dem Gr. sind entlehnt lat. dolus `List, Täuschung', dolō `Stockdegen, Stilett', osk. Akk. dolom, Abl. dolud `dolus';

anord. tal n. `Rechnung, Anzahl, Rede' (ags. tǣl n. `Berechnung, Reihe', gital `Zahl'), davon an. telja `(er)zählen', ags. tellan, ahd. zellen (Fem. anord. tola `Rede, Zahl, Rechnung'), ags. talu `Erzählung, Reihe', ahd. zala `Zahl, Bericht' (davon an. tala `reden', ags. talian `rechnen, bedenken, erzählen', ahd. zalōn `berechnen, zählen, zahlen'); g-Erweiterung in engl. talk `reden'; vom s-Stamm *talaz- n.: got. talzian `belehren', un-tals `ungelehrig, ungehorsam', dazu ags. getǣl `rasch, schnell', as. gital ahd. gizal `schnell'; mit der in dolus vorliegenden Bedeutungsfärbung dehnstufig anord. tāl f. `Betrug, Arglist', ags. tǣl f. `Tadel, Verleumdung, Spott', ahd. zāla `Nachstellung, Gefahr', zālōn `wegreißen, rauben'; schwundstufig ags. tyllan `verlocken' (*dl̥n-).

Ursprüngliche Gleichheit mit del- `spalten' ist unsicher; etwa vom Abzielen des Beils auf das zu spaltende Holz oder aus der Runentechnik (Zahlzeichen als Einschnitt)?

Über *dil- in got. ga-tils `passend', usw., s. unter ad-2; wohl kaum aus einer Nebenform*dai-l- hierher. Eine Vereinigung mit *del- versuchen Persson Wzerw. 115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, indem sie, von dā-, dāi- `teilen' ausgehend, *de-l- und *dai-l-, dī̆-l- als parallele Erweiterungenfassen.

References: WP. I 808 f.

Pages: 193

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *tēlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild, mad, dumb

Russian meaning: дикий, безумный, глупый

Turkic: *dẹ̄l(b)ü-

Tungus-Manchu: *dele-

Comments: Дыбо 12. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *dẹ̄l(b)ü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mad, stupid

Russian meaning: сумасшедший, глупый

Old Turkic: telve (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: telve (MK, KB); telü (MK-Oghuz)

Turkish: deli

Tatar: tile, (КСТТ) tilbä

Middle Turkic: telve (Abush., Sangl.)

Uzbek: telba

Uighur: tälvä 'sporty'

Azerbaidzhan: däli

Turkmen: dǟli, telbe

Chuvash: tiler- 'to become mad, enraged'

Tofalar: telemir, teleŋ

Kirghiz: teli; delbe 'stagger'

Kazakh: delbe 'stagger'

Noghai: teli; delbe 'stagger'

Bashkir: tile, tilbä 'stagger'

Balkar: teli

Gagauz: deli

Karaim: deli, teli

Karakalpak: delbe 'stagger'

Kumyk: deli

Comments: EDT 493, VEWT 472, ЭСТЯ 3, 214-216, TMN 3, 660-662. The forms meaning 'stagger' reveal some irregularities (notably, voiced d- in some Kypchak forms), perhaps due to interdialectal borrowing.

turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-chv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *dele-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 wild 2 dumb

Russian meaning: 1 дикий, одичавший (о животных) 2 тупой, тупеть

Evenki: del(e)mī 1

Even: delmi 1, (?) dīl- 2

Negidal: delemi 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 206, 233.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-reference,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 1883

Proto: *tultV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: sorcery, witchcraft

German meaning: Zauberei, Zauberkraft

Khanty (Ostyak): tolt (N) 'Riese', toltn, tolten 'mit Zauberkraft', tolt (Vj.) 'Fieber', tǫлt (Kaz.) 'Hilfe, Linderung (bei einer Krankheit, in der Armut', tǫлta 'ohne (große) Mühe; вдруг'

Mansi (Vogul): tūltėn, tūltnė (N) 'leicht, einfach'

Hungarian: táltos 'Zauberer, Schamane; Zauberpferd'

uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=eŁwV́r-

Meaning: to deceive

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=i(r)ŁwVr

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛŏl

Yenisseian: *ʔa(ʔ)r(u) (~x-)

Basque: *lar̄de

Comments and references : WFR 111.

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *=i(r)ŁwVr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to deceive

Proto-Nakh: *lV-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *guk:-

Proto-Lak: c̣-ik:ʷi-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ark:ʷVr- /*=irk:ʷ-

Proto-West Caucasian: *Ĺa

Notes: The root structure is best preserved in PD. Avar has reduplicated the root, in PN (Chech.) the initial weak syllable was reduced (*lV- < *=iŁV-). Correspondences between EC languages allow to reconstruct a lateral root consonant *Łw, which corresponds to the lateral in PWC. The only problem is loss of labialisation in PWC (we would rather expect a form like *ĹʷV), which happens also in a number of other verbal roots - perhaps as a result of phonetic interaction with former class markers. See Абдоков 1983, 158.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *lV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to deceive

Chechen: lē-dan

Comments: Attested only in Chech., so the precise PN reconstruction is not clear.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *guk:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to deceive 2 deception

Avar: guk:- 1

Karata: k:uk:- 1

Godoberi: guk:ĩ 2

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Tok. gux-il- id. All Andian forms may be borrowed from Avar or some Avar dialects (certainly borrowed is Cham. xux-id- 'to deceive', because x is quite an irregular reflex). The Avar form is reduplicated, and the tense -k:- is probably expressive (we would rather expect a form like *gug- to fit the external evidence).

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: c̣-ik:ʷi-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to coax, wheedle, cheat

Lak form: c̣-ik:i-n

Comments: G. pr. c̣-i=k:u-nu. The form contains an expressive preverb (c̣-).

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *=ark:ʷVr- /*=irk:ʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to deceive

Akusha: =irg-es

Comments: Cf. Ur. =argʷVr- id.

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *Ĺa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to deceive 2 to fool 3 to lure, entice

Abkhaz: a-ž́a-rá 1

Abaza: ž́a-ra 1

Adyghe: ʁa-ʡʷǝ-La-n 2

Kabardian: ʁa-ʡʷǝ-La-n 3

Ubykh: La- 1

Comments: PAT *ž́a-. PAK *ʡʷǝ-La- (a compound either with *ʡʷǝ 'mouth', or *ʡʷa- 'speak', see Shagirov 1,130): the stem is usually used with the causative ʁa-, but cf. the independent usage in Ad. ʡʷǝLa 'silly'. Ub. a-z-Lá-n (cf. also q̇ʷǝ-Lá 'stupid, silly' = Ad. ʡʷǝLa, but possibly a loanword).

See Dumézil 1932, 126, Климов 1967, 300-301, Абдоков 1973, 79; Shagirov 1, 130.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛŏl

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: miss, fail

Burmese: lwajh to be out of the way, to vary from a certain course.

Lushai: tlolʔ to miss fire (as gun); to not do a thing.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔar(u) (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: deception, to deceive

Ket: aĺ-bet^5,6 'to deceive'

Yug: ar-bet́⁵ / arbɛ:ht́⁴; (Castr.) daratāx, praet. diratońāx, daratonāx, imp. aratanĺāx

Kottish: ārāthačapajaŋ, praet. ārāthalapajaŋ, imp. ārāthala, pass. āruthalāpi 'to deceive'; ārupi "deception" (cf. also āru "cunning")

Comments: ССЕ 183. Werner 1, 29, 59 (without reconstruction).

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,

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Basque etymology :

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Proto-Basque: *larde

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 anguish, worry 2 apprehensive 3 intimidation, fear

Bizkaian: larri 1

Gipuzkoan: larri 1

Low Navarrese: larderia 3

Lapurdian: larri 1, larderia 3

Zuberoan: larde 2, larderia 3

Comments: This could also be related to other PNC roots: cf. *=V̄rƛ̣_V(r) 'to be afraid' or *Ł_wĕrV 'hard, severe, stern'.

basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,

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