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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : JVNV (WVNV)
Meaning : speak, say, sound
Afroasiatic : *yVn- 'say' (Eg., Berb., Cush., Chad.)
Amerind (misc.) : *wuni 'cry' (R 154); ? *wen 'name; call' (R 494) [+ A] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *jVnV
Meaning: speak, sound
Comments: Altaic *i̯ùjŋula should rather be compared with PDR *áŋal- "to weep, grieve". References: ND 2635 *yän[h/ʔ]V ~ *ʔänh/ʔV 'to speak, say'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùjŋula
Meaning: to weep, howl
Russian meaning: рыдать, выть
Comments: An onomatopaeic root, but with a rather precise phonetic matching between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *ɨjŋa-la-
Meaning: to cry, weep
Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать
Karakhanid: aŋɨla- 'to cry, howl (of a donkey)' (МК) (?)
Turkish: inle-, dial. iŋile-
Tatar: eŋgelde-
Middle Turkic: OKypch. iŋle- (Ettuhf.) Uzbek: ingala-
Azerbaidzhan: inlä-
Turkmen: iŋle-
Khakassian: ɨlɣa-
Shor: ɨlɣa-
Oyrat: ɨjla-
Halaj: ị̄län-
Yakut: ɨj̃ɨla-
Tuva: ɨjɨla-, ɨɨla-
Kirghiz: ɨjla-
Kazakh: ɨnqɨl-da-
Bashkir: ɨjla-
Gagauz: inne-
Karaim: inle-
Karakalpak: ɨŋɨl-da-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-bas,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ujila-
Meaning: to cry, weep
Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать
Written Mongolian: ujila- (L 866) Middle Mongolian: ui'jila- (SH), ujla- (IM), uila-, hujlaūl- (caus.) (MA), ūjla- (Lig.VMI) Khalkha: ujla-
Buriat: ujla-
Kalmuck: ūĺ-
Ordos: ujla-
Dongxian: uila-
Baoan: lā-, la-
Shary-Yoghur: ǖla-
Mogol: uīla-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *ùnàr-
Meaning: to howl, weep
Russian meaning: выть, рыдать
Tokyo: unár-
Kyoto: únár-
Kagoshima: ùnàr-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 43
Proto: *äne
English meaning: voice, sound
German meaning: Stimme, Laut
Finnish: ääni (gen. äänen) 'Stimme; Laut, Ton, Lärm, Klang'
Saam (Lapp): jiednâ-n (N) 'sound, note; voice', jetna (L) 'Laut, Schall, Stimme (von lebenden Wesen wie von Dingen)', jīnn (T Kld.), jienn (Not.), jiññ, iññ (A) 'Stimme, Laut'
Hungarian: ének, énëk 'Gesang, Lied'
Sammalahti's version: *äni
K. Redei's notes: *äCVne
References: FUV; SKES; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-saa,uralet-ugr,uralet-samm2,uralet-redei,uralet-lit,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *jan-
Meaning : to say
Proto-South Dravidian: *jan- Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *jan- Proto-North Dravidian : *ān- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *jan-
Meaning : to say
Tamil : en_ (en_p-, en_r_-)
Tamil meaning : to say, utter, express
Tamil derivates : en_kai saying; en_pi (-pp-, -tt-) to make one establish or prove (as a statement)
Malayalam : ennuka
Malayalam meaning : to sound, say, think (defective); to sound thus, appear thus, be such (aux. vb.)
Kannada : en (end-), ennu, an (and-), annu
Kannada meaning : to say, speak, call, name
Kannada derivates : enisu, ennisu, enasu, anasu, anisu, annisu to cause to say, cause oneself to say, cause to be called, cause oneself to be called, be called, be spoken of; enuha, ennike, ennuvike, annuvike saying, calling, naming; embu, imbu a saying, a word
Kodagu : *enn- (emb-, end-)
Kodagu meaning : to say (so-and-so)
Tulu : anpini, inpini
Tulu meaning : to say, speak
Tulu derivates : endruni to say fully
Number in DED : 0868
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *in-
Meaning : to say
Kota : in- (id_-), -n- (-d_-) "to say (so-and-so), be said to be (so-and-so)"
Toda : ɨn- (ɨd_-) "to say (so-and-so)"
Number in DED : 868
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *an-
Meaning : to say, utter, speak; adj. named, called
Telugu : anu
Inscriptional Telugu : envānr_u "(7th cent.) he who is called"
Additional forms : Also anipincu to seem, look, appear, be considered; pretend, cause to believe, cause to be said; anukonu to think, believe, suppose, say to oneself
Notes : Note archaic e- (< *ya-).
Number in DED : 868
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_inscr,telet-addition,telet-notes,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *jan-
Meaning : to say
Kolami : en- (ent-) "to say (so-and-so), be said to be (so-and-so)"
Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : in- "to say (so-and-so), be said to be (so-and-so)"
Naikri : en- (ent-)
Naiki : en- (enḍ-)
Parji : en- (end-, ett-) "to say (so-and-so)"
Salur Gadba : in-
Number in DED : 868
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-kol_sr,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-salur,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *in- (past stem *it_-)
Meaning : to say
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *in-
Meaning : to say
Betul Gondi : indānā (inj-) "to say, call"
Muria Gondi : ind- (itt-)
Maria Gondi : in- (-t-)
Yeotmal Gondi : ind- (itt-)
Adilabad Gondi : ind- (itt-)
Number in DED : 868
Number in CVOTGD : 173
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_y,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : in- (iR-)
Meaning: to say
Number in DED : 868
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *in- (p.t. *ic-)
Meaning : to say
Pengo : in- (ic-)
Manda : in (ic-)
Number in DED : 868
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *in- (p.t. *ic-)
Meaning : to say
Kui : inba (is-) "to say, to articulate"
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : injali
Kuwi (Schulze) : innai
Sunkarametta Kuwi : in- (icc-)
Kuwi (Israel) : inmbu "saying"
Additional forms : Also Kui ispa (ist-) to cause to say, make articulate
Number in DED : 868
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-addition,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *ān-
Meaning : to say
Kurukh : ānnā "to say, tell, salute as, point out, designate"
Malto : āne "to think, say, or do thus"
Number in DED : 868
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-dednum,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʕwḗnɨ (~ ʔw-, -u)
Meaning: sound; air movement
Comments and references : HGC 50. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwēnɨ (~ -u)
Meaning: air movement; cold, rheumatism
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔVnV Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The phonetic match between the PL form, on one side, and the PN and Av., on the other, is perfect. As for the semantic side, we must postulate the original meaning "movement of air" ( > a) "sound"; b) "wind" > "cold, rheumatism"; both changes are rather frequent typologically).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔān
Meaning: rheumatic pain, rheumatism
Chechen: ān
Ingush: a
Batsbi: ã
Comments: Obl. base *ʔāne-, cf. Chech. ēna-, Ing. ano, Bacb. ani-. 3d class in all languages.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʔVnV
Meaning: rheumatism
Avar: onó-d (dial.)
Comments: The Av. form reflects a former plural in -d. If we take into account the original meaning 'movement of air' ( > 'sound'), we could compare also the Tind. verbal root un- 'to talk, speak' (otherwise isolated).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔʷen
Meaning: sound
Lezghian: wan
Agul: un
Rutul: un
Tsakhur: on
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. on id. In several languages (Ag., Lezg., Rut.) serves as a base for the compound verb 'to hear'. Belongs to the 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh.; oblique base unknown.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔǝm
Meaning: sound, wind
Burmese: am 'to read aloud'
Comments: Cf. Tani *ǝm, Gurung kha-ẽ wind.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 音
Modern (Beijing) reading: yīn
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔǝm
Classic Old Chinese: ʔǝm
Western Han Chinese: ʔǝm
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔǝm
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔim
Middle Chinese: ʔim
English meaning : sound; note; fame
Russian meaning[s]: 1) звук, тон; звучание, чтение (знака); 2) слог, силлабема; концовка слога, рифма; 3) оттенок (тембр) голоса; произношение
Radical: 180
Four-angle index: 1496
Karlgren code: 0653 a-b
Vietnamese reading: âm
Shijing occurrences: 28.3_, 29.3, 32.4_, 33.2_, 35.1
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 868
Character: 音
MC description : 深開三平侵影
ZIHUI: 7299 2139
Beijing: in 11
Jinan: iẽ 11
Xi'an: iẽ 11
Taiyuan: iŋ 1
Hankou: in 11
Chengdu: in 11
Yangzhou: ĩ 11
Suzhou: in 11
Wenzhou: iaŋ 11
Changsha: in 11
Shuangfeng: in 11
Nanchang: in 11
Meixian: jim 11
Guangzhou: jam 11
Xiamen: im 11
Chaozhou: im 11
Fuzhou: iŋ 11
Shanghai: iiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝm 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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