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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVRV
Meaning : dry
African (misc.) : Bantu *-kàd- 'dry up'.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-afr,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVjwV(rV)
Meaning: dry
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óbarV ( ~ -i̯u-)
Meaning: dry
Russian meaning: сухой, сохнуть
Comments: Ozawa 197, KW 204; АПиПЯЯ 19, 50-51, 70, 102, 274; SKE 133, Цинциус 1984. Here, as in some other cases, Turkic length apparently goes back to a contraction. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kūrɨ-k,-gak
Meaning: 1 dry 2 dry (crumbs, bread)
Russian meaning: 1 сухой 2 черствый
Old Turkic: qurɨ- 'to dry' (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: quruɣ, qur 1 (MK) Turkish: kuru 1
Tatar: qorɨ 1
Middle Turkic: qurɨ- 'to dry' (MA) Uzbek: quruq 1
Uighur: quruq, qurɣaq 1
Sary-Yughur: quruɣ, quruq 2
Azerbaidzhan: Guru 1
Turkmen: Gūrɨ 1
Khakassian: xuruɣ 1
Shor: quru- 'to dry' (R.)
Oyrat: quru- 'to dry'
Halaj: qurru- 'to dry'
Chuvash: xъʷrъʷk 2
Yakut: kurānaq 1
Dolgan: kurānak 1
Tuva: qurɣaɣ 1
Tofalar: qurɣaɣ 1
Kirghiz: qurɣaq 1
Kazakh: qu_rɣaq 1
Noghai: qurɨ, qurlaj 1
Bashkir: qoro 1
Balkar: quru 1
Gagauz: quru 1
Karaim: quru 1
Karakalpak: qurɣaq 1
Salar: Guru, Gurɨ 1
Kumyk: quru- 'to dry'
Comments: Derived from PT *Kūr(ɨ)- 'to dry up'. See VEWT 302, 303; EDT 652-3, 646, 658, ЭСТЯ 6, 154-155, Stachowski 162, 163. Turk. qūrut 'dry cheese' > Mong. qurud > Manchu kuru etc., see Doerfer MT 131; Turk. > Hung. kóró 'dry stalk', see Gombocz 1912. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kawra-
Meaning: dry
Russian meaning: сухой
Written Mongolian: qaɣurai, quɣurai (L 910), qawraj (МХТТТ) Khalkha: xūraj
Buriat: xūraj
Kalmuck: xǖrǟ
Ordos: xūrǟ
Dagur: xuārī (MGCD xuare) Shary-Yoghur: xūrā- (MGCD χūʁa-) Monguor: xō- 'devenir sec, tarir' (SM 168) Comments: Cf. also *ku(w)ar- > *ku(w)a- in MMong. qoṣon 'dryness' (ИМ); qusun, quasun (MA); Dag. xua-, S.-Yugh. χū-, Dong. Go-, qosu-, Bao. χo-. KW 204, 317, MGCD 335. Mong. > Tat. qawrai etc. (ЭСТЯ 5, 171-172). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ur-
Meaning: to dry (meat)
Russian meaning: вялить (мясо)
Evenki: urgan- 1
Literary Manchu: uča-laχa jali 'dried meat'
Comments: ТМС 2, 283. Man. uča- < *xurga- (but may also reflect another root: cf. Nan. učikte 'dried meat'?). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kobār-
Meaning: be high, strong (of fire)
Russian meaning: быть сильным, горячим (об огне)
Modern Korean: kwāl-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kàwà(ra)-k-
Meaning: dry, to dry up
Russian meaning: сохнуть
Old Japanese: kawak-
Middle Japanese: kawak- (RJ kàfàk-)
Tokyo: kawák-
Kyoto: káwák-
Kagoshima: kòrak-
Nase: kòràkj-
Shuri: kā́ràč-
Hateruma: kàrùg-
Yonakuni: kàrág-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-yon,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 388
Proto: *kujwa
English meaning: dry
German meaning: trocken
Finnish: kuiva 'trocken, dürr' ?
Estonian: kuiv (gen. kuiva) 'id., mager'
Saam (Lapp): kui'fē, kuffi (L) 'wer nichts begreift', kuife, kuiwe (Schw.) 'dumm, einfältig' ??
Khanty (Ostyak): kŏjǝm- (V), χŏjǝm- (DN Kaz.) 'fallen, sich vermindern (vom Wasser)' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-khn,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kъrɣъ-
Meaning (Rus.): сухой
kamet-prnum,kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kъrɣъ- (~ ǝ)
Meaning (Rus.): сухой, ломкий 1, старье, нечто изношенное 2, оскудевать 3, засохнуть 4
Chukchee: kǝ́r(ɣ)ǝ- (I), kǝ́rɣǝ-kǝr " (II) 2, kǝrɣ-át- 3, (АБ) kǝrɣ-ɛw- 4
Koryak: kǝ́cɣǝ- (II)
Alutor: kǝrɣǝ-
Comments: Чук. kǝrɣ-ɛ́t- 'вёдро стоит' в отличие от 'оскудевать'.
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-kor,chuket-alu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *k'iźɣi-
Meaning (Rus.): сухой
Itelmen: k'izɣi-lah (k'isx-q adv.) 1
Itelmen meaning: сухой 1, сохнуть, вянуть 2, сушить, проветривать, вялить 3
West Itelmen: kizɣi-leɣ, kiz(ɣ)i-lex (kizi(m)-lex-in pl.) 1, 'iń-gizɣi-z, 'in-kizi-z 2, kisx-ĺatɨ-zin 3
West Itelmen meaning: siccus 1, siccare 2, exarescere 3
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): suchy 1, suszyć 2, wysychać 3
South Itelmen: kaz-at́
South Itelmen meaning (Latin): folia
South Itelmen meaning (Polish): liście
Number in Volodin 1976: 46, 27
Comments: В юж. камч. буквально 'сухой лист', что точно соответствует кор. kǝc-v́ǝtvǝt.
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-ite,itelet-itemea,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,itelet-sit,itelet-sitmea,itelet-sitmep,itelet-vol,itelet-comments,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr-
Meaning: dry
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-lec,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1790
Proto-Semitic: *ḳVr-
Meaning: 'drying'
Akkadian: qarūru
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *ḳʷar-
Meaning: 'be dry'
Ghadames: ǝqqur
Nefusa: iqqǝr (adj)
Siwa: qqor
Ghat: ǝqqor
Ayr: iɣar
Ahaggar (Tahaggart): iɣar
Tawllemmet: iɣar
Taneslemt: ǝqqor (adj)
Zenaga: yaʔwur (adj)
Semlal: i-qqur-ǝn (adj)
Izdeg: qqar
Mzab: ǝqqor
Iznassen: iqqur (adj)
Notes: rel. to Sem 'cold'?
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-ghd,brbet-nfs,brbet-siw,brbet-ght,brbet-ayr,brbet-ahg,brbet-twl,brbet-tsl,brbet-zng,brbet-sml,brbet-izd,brbet-mzb,brbet-izn,brbet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *kiwir-
Meaning: 'dry season'
Mbara: kı̀wı́rı̀ [TMba]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mba,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *kar-
Meaning: make dry (cereals, land)
Bidiya: karay [JBid]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-bid,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳar-
Meaning: dry
Oromo (Galla): qōrā
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-oro,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=í-xGĂr-
Meaning: dry
Comments and references : HGC 18, WFR 103, MCGD 9. Tone in Ket uncertain (only attested in a compound). sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=iG_wĂr
Meaning: dry, to dry
Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷV Notes: A very stable common NC root; reflected in most languages as both a verbal and adjectival stem. Cf. also the nominal derivate *r-iG_wV / *G_wVrV 'draught' (PD *deʁʷ > Ak. deʁ, Chir. deʁʷ, Ur. diw, PTs > Gunz. (Nakh.) qor). Note a frequent use of the reduplicated stem *G_wiGwVr- (in PA, PC, Lak.). See Абдоков 1983, 144-145.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=aq̇-
Meaning: dry
Chechen: =eq̇a
Ingush: =eq̇a
Batsbi: =aq̇ĩ
Comments: PN *=aq̇-i(n) "dry" is derived from the verbal base *=aq̇- "to dry, to get dry" (cf. Chech. =aq̇-ō tr., =aq̇a-dala intr., Bacb. =aq̇-dar tr.).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iq̇:ʷV-
Meaning: dry
Avar: =aq̇:ʷarab
Chadakolob: =uq̇ara-b
Andian language: =eq̇:u-b
Akhvakh: =uq̇:ada
Chamalal: =eq̇:u-b
Tindi: =eq̇:u-b
Karata: =eq̇:u-b
Godoberi: =eq̇:uq̇:i-b
Comments: The word for 'dry' is a participle of the verbal root *=iq̇:ʷV- "to dry (up)", cf. Av. =aq̇:ʷá-, Akhv. =uq̇:o-, Kar. =eq̇:ʷa-, Botl. =eq̇:ʷ-, Tind. =eq̇:ʷ-, =eq̇:uq̇:-, God. =eq̇:uq̇:-, Cham. =eq̇:uq̇:- (the last three forms are reduplicated).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *qoqV- A
Meaning: dry
Tsezi: quqqǟsi
Ginukh: quqes
Khvarshi: quqqa (Radzhibov)
Inkhokvari: quqqu
Bezhta: qoqoro
Gunzib: qoqoru
Comments: The word is actually a gerund of the verb *qoqV- A 'to dry up, get dry', cf.Tsez. quqa id. PTsKh *quqV-, PGB *qoqo-.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇a-q̇-
Meaning: dry
Lak form: q̇a-q̇-s:a
Comments: Cf. the verbal stem q̇a-q̇a- (p.pr. q̇a-q̇u-) 'to get dry'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-
Meaning: dry
Akusha: =erub-si
Chiragh: =erʁub-ze
Comments: Cf. also Kharb., Tsud. =erʁub-se. This adjective is derived from the verb *=erʁʷ- 'to dry' (Ak. =ur-es, Ur. =irʔʷ-/=urʔʷ-, Chir. -erʁ-/-urʁʷ-).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ʷar-
Meaning: dry
Lezghian: q̇uraj
Tabasaran: q:uru
Agul: ruq:uf
Rutul: q:urud
Tsakhur: q:urna
Budukh: q:uru
Archi: q̇ure
Udi: q:ari
Comment: All forms are in fact verbal adjectives. The verbal forms are widely preserved: Lezg. q̇ura-z (praet. q̇ura-na) 'to dry', Tab. u-r-q:u-z 'to get stale', Ag. ruq:ʷa-s (Bursh. urq:ʷa-s) 'to dry', Arch. q̇ura-s (imper. q̇uraq̇:a)/ q̇ʷa-s id. The Rut. and Bud. form may have been influenced by Turkic (cf. Azerb. Guru 'dry'), but there is no doubt in the authenticity of this root in PL. Cf. Бокарев 1961, 64; Гигинейшвили 1977, 108.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: q̇i
North Caucasian etymology: 29
Meaning: dry, to dry (out)
Khinalug form: q̇i
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷV
Meaning: to dry out, get dry
Abkhaz: a-ʕʷa-rá
Abaza: ʕʷa-ra
Adyghe: ʁʷǝ-n
Kabardian: ʁʷǝ-n
Ubykh: ʁǝ-
Comments: PAT *ʕʷa-, PAK *ʁʷǝ-. Not quite clear is the loss of labialization in Ub. The root serves also as a basis for the adjective 'dry' in all languages: Abkh. a-ʕʷá, Abaz. jǝ-r-ʕʷu, Ad. ʁʷǝ-ʁa, Kab. ʁʷǝ-r, Ub. ʁ-q̇a.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kār
Meaning: dry
Burmese: kanh to dry up, khanh to be dried up, exhausted as liquid.
Kachin: ka2 be dried up (?).
Comments: Mat. 180; Luce 52. Loss of final consonant in Jnp. is not clear (Matissoff cites the form as kan2, which is probably Jnp. kan2 coagulated, see *kān). Cf. also Gurung *khar, Kaike khar-pa, Rourou ka.44, Bugun gau 'dry'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 乾
Modern (Beijing) reading: gān qián
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghar kār
Classic Old Chinese: ghan
Western Han Chinese: ghan
Eastern Han Chinese: ghan
Early Postclassic Chinese: ghen
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghen
Late Postclassic Chinese: ghen
Middle Chinese: gen kân
English meaning : be creative
Russian meaning[s]: 1) сухой; высушить; досуха; сушение; 2) высохнуть; завянуть; 3) чистый; дочиста, без остатка; 4) только; понапрасну, зря; 5) названый, приемный (отец, брат); 6) прямой и резкий; 7) упрекать; бранить; 8) плохо принять; [qián] 1) первая гексаграмма Ицзина; 2) небо; 3) мужчина, муж; государь; 4) Цянь (фамилия)
Comments: Sch.: 'perhaps: be associated with the forces of Heaven'. OC *ghar is also used as the name for the 1st hexagramm in Yijing ('Heaven'). MC gen is not quite regular in this series (one would rather expect MC gǝn). For *gh- cf. Xiamen khian2, Chaozhou khieŋ2, Fuzhou khieŋ2. Another frequent (and archaic) reading of the character is OC *kār, MC kân [FQ 古寒), Mand. gān 'to be dry' - whence, possibly, Viet. cạn 'dry, shallow; on land, on shore' (although the tone is rather strange and a chance coincidence is not excluded); khan 'hoarse, husky, raucous; anhydrous'. Note that regular Sino-Viet. for MC kân is can.
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 7788
Karlgren code: 0140 c
Vietnamese reading: [kiê`n]
Jianchuan Bai: [kã4]
Dali Bai: [ka1]
Bijiang Bai: [qa4]
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1093
Character: 乾
MC description : A: 山開一平寒見; B: 山開三平仙群
ZIHUI: A: 0051 1739; B: 0051 1867
Beijing: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12
Jinan: A: kã 11; B: ćhiã 12
Xi'an: A: kã 11; B: ćhiã 12
Taiyuan: A: kä̃ 1; B: ćhiɛ 1
Hankou: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12
Chengdu: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12
Yangzhou: A: kɛ̃ 11; B: ćhî̃ 12
Suzhou: A: kö 11; B: ʒ́î 12
Wenzhou: A: ky 11; B: ʒ́i 12
Changsha: A: kan 11; B: ćiẽ 12
Shuangfeng: A: kuɛ̃ 11; B: ʒ́î̃ 12
Nanchang: A: kɔn 11; B: ćhiɛn 12
Meixian: A: kɔn 11; B: khian 12
Guangzhou: A: kɔn 11; B: khin 12
Xiamen: A: kan 11 (lit.); kuã 11; B: khian 12
Chaozhou: A: kaŋ 11; B: khieŋ 12
Fuzhou: A: kaŋ 11; B: khieŋ 12
Shanghai: A: ; B: ćî 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: ; B: khien 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *qɔr1- (~-l-)
Meaning: dry
Ket: qōĺeŋ1 ōkś 'dry tree' (Werner 2, 99, 101: qɔ́ĺaŋś, qɔ́ĺiŋś)
Kottish: šīgal "dry"; šīgalaičei "drying"; šīgalaičejākŋ "to dry out"; d́äšīgalaŋ "to dry (tr.)", praet. ušigalaŋ
Comments: ССЕ 265. Werner 2, 101 *qol-.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *qhar-
Meaning: 1 dried out 2 to dry, roast
Yasin: xar- 2
Hunza: qhaáo 1, qhar-, qhaqhár- 2
Nagar: qharáo, qhaáo 1, qhar-, qhaqhár- 2
Comments: Sh. khaár
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *a=gor̄, *e=gar̄i
Meaning: 1 dry, barren, unproductive 2 thirst
Bizkaian: agor 1, egarri 2
Gipuzkoan: agor 1, egarri 2
High Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2
Low Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2
Lapurdian: agor 1, egarri 2
Zuberoan: agor 1, egárri 2
Roncalese: agor 1, egarri 2
Comments: Cf. *ei=har̄ and *i=dor̄: Bsq has several words for 'dry' with different nuances. In BZK legor and idor apply to vegetation, igar to animals and bones (Azkue 1905); in ZBR agor pertains to sources and streams of water, ütsal to aliments and terrain, eihar to the human body, fauna and flora, and idor to dryness in general (Larrasquet 1939). Possibly these distinctions go back to old (extinct) noun classes.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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