Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVRCV

Meaning : scratch, scrape

Eurasiatic : *wVrcwV

Afroasiatic : ? Sem. *ħrŝ 'scratch oneself'

Sino-Caucasian : ? *ħrǝ̄nsd_ū thresh, grind

Austric : *rVs scratch

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVrcwV

Meaning: scratch

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *wers-

Kartvelian: *warcx(wn)-

Dravidian: *ir-Vc-

References: ND 832 *ħ[ü]rχVĉV 'scratch, comb' (+ Sem.); 2533 *waŕĉV 'to rub, scrape' (same Kartv. + IE + dub. Sem. and Drav.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *wers- <PIH *w->

Meaning: to beat, to thresh

Hittite: wars- (I), warsija- (I) 'abwischen, abstreifen' (Friedrich 246)

Old Greek: érrō (inf. el. werrēn, warrēn `verbannt werden', imp. lokr. werretō), aor. érrēsa, pf. ẹ̄s-ḗrrēka `(weg)gehen, untergehen, dahinschwinden'

Slavic: *vьrxǭ, *verxtī; *vorxъ

Latin: verrō, -ere, verrī/Gramm. versī, versum `schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen'

Russ. meaning: бить о..., молотить

References: WP I 292 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 2182

Root: u̯ers-

English meaning: to drag on the ground

German meaning: `am Boden schleifen'

Material: Lat. verrō (älter vorrō), verrī, versum `schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen';

    über gr. ἔρρω `gehe weg, schwinde' s. Frisk 566;

    aisl. vǫrr `Ruderschlag'; kaum hierher as. ahd. wërran `verwirren, durcheinanderbringen' usw.;

    lett. vârsms `Haufen Getreide'; russ.-ksl. vьrchu, vrěšti `dreschen', ablaut. vrachъ `das Dreschen' (geschah ursprüngl. durch Schleifen), russ. vóroch `Haufen (von Getreide)';

    hitt. u̯aršii̯a-, u̯arš- `abwischen, pflücken, ernten'.

References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.

Pages: 1169-1170

PIE database: PIE database

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *warcx(wn)-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: pасчесывать (волосы)

English meaning: to comb the hair

Georgian: warcxn-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): pасчесывать

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to comb

Megrel: rcxon-

Laz: (n)cxon-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 81, EWK 128, 452-453 (сравнивается еще др.-груз. sa-cxinv-eli 'гребень', мегр. orcxonǯi / orcxondi, лаз. oncxoǯi / ocxoǯi id.).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ir-Vc-

Meaning : to scratch (ground); to comb

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ir-

Proto-North Dravidian : *ir-c-

Brahui : ir-is

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ir-

Meaning : to comb (hair)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *ir-c-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *ir-c-

Meaning : to comb the hair

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Muria Gondi : irsānā

Koya Gondi : īṛs-

Number in DED : 493

Number in CVOTGD : 215

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *ir-c-

Meaning : to scratch (the ground)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : ircnā "to scratch and turn over (as fowls in the ground), poke, dig into, scratch into and spread out, turn about and spread (as embers for extinguishing them)"

Malto : irce "to scratch the ground (as fowls do)"

Number in DED : 493

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : ir-is

Meaning : a comb

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 493

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ħrǝ̄nsd_ū

Meaning: thresh, whet, grind

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ħrǝ̄nʒ_ū

Sino-Tibetan: *răt

Burushaski: *darc

Comments and references : DCE 17.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ħrǝ̄nʒ_ū

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Proto-Nakh: *ħett ( ~ -ē-,-ṭṭ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hinc̣:u

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔɔ̃c B

Proto-Lak: t:arac̣a-lu

Proto-Dargwa: *daraz

Proto-Lezghian: *rac̣:a

Proto-Khinalug: roc̣

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. A typical example of the root-structure *HRVNCV̄.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħett ( ~ -ē-,-ṭṭ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Chechen: ħätt

Ingush: ħett

Comments: 4th class in Chech., 3d class in Ing. Obl. base *ħatte-rV- (~-ā-,-ṭṭ-), cf. Chech. ħättara-, Ing. ħattaro.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hinc̣:u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Avar: hóc̣:u

Chadakolob: hóc̣-ku

Andian language: hinc̣:u

Akhvakh: ĩc̣:o

Chamalal: hĩṣʷ

Tindi: hinc:u

Karata: hinc̣:e

Godoberi: hinc:u

Comments: Av. paradigm A (loc. hóc̣:a-ƛ̣:, pl. hóc̣:a-bi; Chad. hóc̣ki-l, hóc̣ki-l). The Chad. form includes a diminutive suffix -ku (-ḳu). In most Andian languages (except Kar.) the word is homonymous with *hinc̣:u 'door' - which is, of course, accidental (cf. the opposition in Av. hóc̣:u vs. nuc̣:á).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔɔ̃c B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Tsezi: oc

Ginukh: ič / üč

Khvarshi: ĩc (Leksika, Ram.)

Inkhokvari: ẽc

Bezhta: ãc

Gunzib: ǝ̃c (Gunz.)

Comments: PTsKh *ʔö̃c; PGB *ʔãc (cf. also Bezht. Tlad. ãc, Khosh. ac).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: t:arac̣a-lu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Lak form: t:arac̣alu

Comments: Cf. Khosr. t:arac̣alu id., Bartkh. (Хайдаков 1966) t:arc̣.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *daraz

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Chiragh: daraz

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *rac̣:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: threshing-floor

Lezghian: rat

Tabasaran: rac:

Agul: rat:

Rutul: rat

Tsakhur: at:a

Archi: c̣i

Udi: eč:

Comment: Cf. Lezg. erg. raṭ-ra, Khl. rat, plur. rat:-ar; Tab. Düb. rac:a; Rut. obl. ridi- (Ikhr. rat, rit:i-). The obl. base can be reconstructed as *roc̣:ä- (cf. Tab. rac:a-, Ag. rat:i- with vowel levelling; Rut. ridi- - instead of *rɨdi- with adoption of the more frequent -i-vocalism in the oblique stem). Arch. c̣i is actually a former locative, a contraction < *dVc̣:í 'on the threshing-floor'. The word belongs to the 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

    See Талибов 1960a, 299; Лексика 1971, 171; Гигинейшвили 1977, 107.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *răt

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: scratch, grind

Chinese: 厲 *rats whetstone; polish.

Tibetan: ãbrad, sbrad (p. brad, i. brod) to scratch, to scrape (also ãdrad id.)

Kachin: rat² to scratch, wound, lacerate; numrat³ to cut with a backward stroke, (H) mǝrat id.

Chinese characters :

Character: 厲

Modern (Beijing) reading: lì

Preclassic Old Chinese: rats

Classic Old Chinese: rać

Western Han Chinese: raś

Eastern Han Chinese: raś

Early Postclassic Chinese: leś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: lèj

Middle Chinese: lèj

English meaning : to drag or trail something along

Russian meaning[s]: 1) точить, оттачивать; 2) угнетать; жестокий, свирепый; суровый; злой; строгий; 3) подбодрять, стимулировать; 4) болезнь, припадок; 5) Ли (фамилия)

Comments: For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen le⁶, Chaozhou li⁴, Fuzhou la⁶. Schüssler gives the general meaning as 'to drag or trail something along and have it scraped or whetted', thus uniting several particular meanings attested in Early Zhou: 'to drag, train' (whence possibly a colloquial Viet. loan lê 'to drag'; cf. perhaps also Viet. lết 'to drag' - from a dialectal unattested variant MC *let ?); 'to wet clothes'; 'a ford'; 'whetstone, to grind'. The character is also used for homonymous words: *rats 'be cruel, wicked'; *rats 'epidemic, infectious disease' - whence Viet. lây 'contagious, infectious, to infect'. Standard Sino-Viet. is lệ.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 27

Four-angle index: 4002

Karlgren code: 0340 a

Vietnamese reading: lê

Jianchuan Bai: ji3

Dali Bai: ji3

Bijiang Bai: ji2

Shijing occurrences: 34.1_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1958

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 厲

MC description : 蟹開三去祭來

ZIHUI: 0632 0611

Beijing: li 3

Jinan: li 3

Xi'an: li 3

Taiyuan: li 3

Hankou: ni 3

Chengdu: ni 3

Yangzhou: li 3

Suzhou: li 32

Wenzhou: lei 32

Changsha: ni 32

Shuangfeng: ni 32

Nanchang: li 32

Meixian: li 3

Guangzhou: lai 32

Xiamen: le 32

Chaozhou: li 22

Fuzhou: la 32

Shanghai: li 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: li 3

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *darc

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: threshing floor, grain ready for threshing

Yasin: darc

Hunza: darc

Nagar: darc

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *rVs

Meaning: scratch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ra:jh / *riajh; *k<ǝCr>iɛjh claw, nail

Austroasiatic meaning: scratch, comb

Miao-Yao parallels: *k(r)Vj claw, nail

Proto-Austronesian: *karis

Austronesian meaning: scratch, stripe, mark

Austronesian code: 12:12; 12:24

Proto-Thai: gra:t

Thai meaning: rake

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ra:jh / *riajh

Meaning: scratch, comb

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: gra:t rake CK

Proto-Katuic: *c<ǝr>a:jh E?

Proto-Bahnaric: *ra:jh

Khmer: OK ra:s

Proto-Monic: *ra:jh

Proto-Khmu: *riajh

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *c<ǝr>a:jh

Meaning: comb

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: KUI kra:h.N < KMR

Proto-East Katuic: *c<ǝr>a:jh

References: P-838; TK8.135

Notes: deriv. from 894

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: comb

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Kui: kra:h.N

Kui meaning: a comb, to comb

Kuay: kra:h.N

Kuay meaning: a comb

Ngeu: kla:h

Ngeu meaning: a comb

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *c<ǝr>a:jh

Meaning: comb

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Taojh: tarras PV?

Taojh meaning: a comb (PT-169), tǝrra:s (VL)

Ngeq: carǝ:jh V?

Ngeq meaning: to rake

Kri: cra:jh.B R?; sargra:jh a harrow

Kantu dialects: carra:s a harrow

Triw: carra:jh

Dakkan dialects (1): cara:ɫ

Dakkan dialects (2): cǝra:lh

Dakkan meaning: comb; ca:lh to comb

Katu dialects (1): cra:jh

Katu dialects (3): cǝra:jh

Katu meaning: comb

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ra:jh

Meaning: comb, rake

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-North Bahnaric: JEH ddra:jh.T, sra:jh.T

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ra:jh, gǝ-

Harak: ra:jh (A)

References: JS-118

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric:

Meaning: comb, rake

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jeh form: ddra:jh.T, sra:jh.T

Jeh meaning: comb

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ra:jh, gǝ-

Meaning: comb, rake

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: hnajh

Jaru meaning: a comb; TL: kra:jh to rake

Lavi: chiajh E?

Nhaheung form: ńrajh V?

Nhaheung meaning: comb

Brao form: cǝndra:x a rake, gra:x v.

References: JS-117, JS-118, TB17.78a

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak:

Meaning: rake

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Alak: ra:jh

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ras

Meaning: to scrape, scratch; to rake, hoe; cra:s to brush, scrape

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: cra:s

References: JP242

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ra:jh

Meaning: to comb

Presyllable: kǝN-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: graḥ

Nyakur: kǝnra:jh.L

Nyakur meaning: broom

References: V257, V257a, V257b, V257c

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