Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : ashes, dirt

Eurasiatic : *ṗVlV

Sino-Caucasian : *pɨ́lχwV

Amerind (misc.) : *pul 'ashes' ? (R 11) (cf. also *pol 'black' R 63)

Reference : GE 108 *pol (with much confusion).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVlV

Meaning: grey, ashes

Indo-European: *pele- / *plē- (+ *pel- 892)

Altaic: *p`olńe

Uralic: *pelme (*peĺme)

Kartvelian: *per- 'gray' (+ perpl- 'ashes')

Dravidian: *puḷ-

Eskimo-Aleut: *palqǝ

References: ND 1715 *p[u]ḷi[č̣]V 'gray', 1721 *pe/Uĺu/ü(-ńE) 'dust, ashes' (+Chad.); the two roots are hardly different.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pelǝ-, *plē-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: dust, ashes

Old Indian: palala- n. `ground sesamum; mud, mire'

Old Greek: pálǟ f. `feines Mehl, feiner Staub', pai̯pálǟ, paspálǟ `id.'

Slavic: *pepelъ/*popelъ

Baltic: *pel-en-a- c., *pel-en-iā̃ f., *pel-an-ā̂ f., *pel-n-a- c.; *plē̂-n-i- c., *plē̂-n-iā̃ (2) f., *plē̂-w-ā̂ (2), *plē̂-w-iā̃ (2); *pleî-n-iā̃ f., *pleî-n-ia- c.

Latin: pollen, gen. -inis m., n.; pollis, -is m., f. `sehr feines Mehl, Staubmehl'; pulvis, -is f. (/m.) `Staub'

Celtic: OCymr ulw `favilla', Bret ulven `duvet, qui s'élève du lin, quand on le peigne'

Russ. meaning: пыль, пепел

References: WP II 60

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *pel-en-a- c., *pel-en-iā̃ f., *pel-an-ā̂ f., *pel̃-n-a- c.; *plē̂-n-i- c., *plē̂-n-iā̃ (if AC, 1/2) f., *pleî-n-iā̃ (1) f., *plei-n-ia- c.

Meaning: ashes, dust

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: pẽlenēs pl. `offener (Feuer)herd, Aschengrube, -loch, -stäubchen', pl. pelenaĩ `Ashe'; plḗni-s, gen. -ies, dial. plēnē̃, pléinē `Stäubchen, Flugasche', pl. plḗnīs, plḗniai `Flug-, Loder-, Flockasche'

Lettish: pęlns `Herd', pl. pę̀lni `Asche'; plẽne (plêne Dond., Lautb., Gr.-Buschhof) `weisse Asche auf Kohlen; Schneeflocke', pl. plẽnes `Flockasche'; plienis, pliẽnes pl., pliene `Flockasche'

Old Prussian: pelanne f. `Ashe' V. 37, { pelanno 'Herd'}, plieynis `Staubasche' V. 38

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`oĺńe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ashes; grey

Russian meaning: зола; серый

Turkic: *oń ( ~ -j)

Mongolian: *hüne-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *pulńe-

Comments: Poppe 12, Цинциус 1984, 60. АПиПЯЯ 37, 289, Rozycki 81. A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *oń ( ~ -j)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: grey, dun, ash-coloured (of a horse)

Russian meaning: серовато-коричневый

Karakhanid: oj (MK)

Middle Turkic: Kypch. oj (Houts.)

Khakassian: oj

Tuva: oj

Comments: EDT 266, VEWT 358.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *hüne-sü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: ashes

Russian meaning: пепел

Written Mongolian: ünesü(n) (L 1009)

Middle Mongolian: xunesu (SH), honǟsun (IM), hunäsun (MA)

Khalkha: üns(en)

Buriat: ünehe(n)

Kalmuck: ümsṇ

Ordos: ünisü, ünes

Dongxian: funiesun

Baoan: homsoŋ

Dagur: xunse (Тод. Даг. 179), hunse (MD 166), xuns

Shary-Yoghur: henesǝn, nesǝn

Monguor: funēʒǝ (SM 107), (MGCD funēsǝ)

Mogol: ɛnasun, unasun (Weiers), ZM unäsun (18-1b)

Comments: KW 458, MGCD 695.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pulńe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: ashes

Russian meaning: зола

Evenki: huleptēn

Even: hultēn

Negidal: xulēptēn

Spoken Manchu: filiŋi (493)

Literary Manchu: fuleŋgi

Jurchen: fule-ŋi (65)

Ulcha: puneqte

Orok: punekte

Nanai: puńektẽ, (dial.) xulefte

Oroch: xulepte

Udighe: xulepte(n)

Solon: uluktē̃

Comments: ТМС 2, 347.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1497

Proto: *pelme (*peĺme)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: dirt, dust, ashes

German meaning: Schmutz, Staub, Asche

Finnish: pelme (gen. pelmeen) 'Schmutz', pelmua- 'aufwirbeln, qualmen, aufstauben' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): peń (peńm-) (G) 'Asche', peńmal- (S) 'mit Asche bestreuen, beschmutzen' ?

Komi (Zyrian): pe̮jim (S P), po̊^.im (PO) 'Asche' ?

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *per-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: серый

English meaning: grey

Georgian: per-o

Megrel: pär-w

Notes and references: EWK 354. ? Ср. ностр. *boŕa 'серый, бурый' (ПИЕ *bher, алт. *boŕa, см. ОСНЯ 1, 183-184); или ПВК *būrV id. (NCED 313-314).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *puḷ-

Meaning : grey

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *puḷ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *piḷ- (*-ṛ-)

Proto-North Dravidian : *poṇḍ-

Notes : Unclear if NDR really belongs here.

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *puḷ-

Meaning : to become grey

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : puls- (pulust-) "(hair) becomes grey"

Naikri : puḷs- "(hair) becomes grey"

Parji : pulc- "(hair) becomes grey"

Number in DED : 4325

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *piḷ- (*-ṛ-)

Meaning : to become grey

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *piṛ-c-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *piṛ-c-

Meaning : (hair) becomes grey

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : piṛcānā

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : pircānā

Gommu Gondi : piṛs-

Maria Gondi : piṛc- (piṛʔt-)

Koya Gondi : piṇsk- (Su.)

Chindwara Gondi : piṛs-

Adilabad Gondi : piṛs-, (SR) piḍcānā

Number in DED : 4325

Number in CVOTGD : 2249

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *poṇḍ-

Meaning : to become hoary, grey in hair

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : puṇḍnā

Malto : ponḍe

Additional forms : Also KUR (Grignard) poṇḍnā (puṇḍyas/poṇḍos) to become hoary, get mouldy or musty.

Number in DED : 4325

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *palqǝ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: ashes, hot, dry

Russian meaning: пепел, жаркий, сухой

Proto-Yupik: *palqǝ

Proto-Inupik: *pa[t]qǝ-

Comments: Cf. *pali-ʁ- 'sunburnt, grey, carbonized'.

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *palqǝ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: ashes

Russian Meaning: пепел, зола

Naukan: páɫqǝ

Central Alaskan Yupik: cf. pǝɫuq 'special ashes in rituals'

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *pa[t]qǝ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: hot 1, dry 2

Russian meaning: жаркий, горячий 1, сухой 2

Eastern Canadian Inupik: paqqā(q)- 1

Greenlandic Inupik: paqqiʁ- init. 2, 'to blanch (human in fear)', paqqit- 2 'to destitute'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 249

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pɨ́lχwV

Meaning: manure

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pɨlχ_wV

Sino-Tibetan: *bhV̆r ( / *bhrV̆n)

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pɨlχ_wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: diarrhea

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨχ:ʷV

Proto-Lak: pur

Proto-Dargwa: *paχI:ʷ

Proto-Lezghian: *pulχ:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Pharyngealization in PD is probably secondary (due to the root's expressive nature). Lak. pur reflects *purh (from earlier *pulχ: with a regular reflex *χ: > h).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨχ:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: diarrhea

Bezhta: puχi

Comments: Attested only in Bezht. (thus in PTs it is also possible to reconstruct -u- and -ʁʷ-), but having reliable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: pur

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: diarrhea

Lak form: pur

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *paχI:ʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: diarrhea

Akusha: puχ-ne (Kharb.)

Comments: Cf. also Kad. puIχ, Ur. poχ 'excrements'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *pulχ:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: diarrhea

Rutul: piχ

Archi: purχ

Comment: Cf. Arch. erg. purχ:e. Arch. -r- before a uvular goes back only to PL *-l-. The Rut. form is irregular (*purχ would be expected), which must be explained by the expressive nature of the root (perhaps also a contamination with PL *p[e]χ 'blister, bubble' q.v.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bhV̆r ( / *bhrV̆n)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: manure

Chinese: 糞 *pǝrs manure, dirt.

Tibetan: brun dirt, dung, excrement.

Kachin: phun¹ manure.

Lushai: berʔ dirty, filthy.

Kiranti: *phùr

Comments: Bodo gǝ-bǝ́r cowdung. Simon 21; Coblin 68.

Chinese characters :

Character: 糞

Modern (Beijing) reading: fèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝrs

Classic Old Chinese: pǝnh

Western Han Chinese: pǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Middle Chinese: pǜn

English meaning : manure, excrements, faeces [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кал, помет, навоз, нечистоты, экскременты; 2) дрянной, плохой; 3) удобрения; удобрять землю; 4) вычищать, убирать

Comments: In Viet. cf. also phân id. (tone is irregular in both readings).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 119

Four-angle index: 7857

Karlgren code: 0472 a

Vietnamese reading: phâ`n

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2280

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 糞

MC description : 臻合三去問非

ZIHUI: 4747 2038

Beijing: fǝn 3

Jinan: fẽ 3

Xi'an: fẽ 3

Taiyuan: fǝŋ 3

Hankou: fǝn 3

Chengdu: fǝn 3

Yangzhou: fǝn 3

Suzhou: fǝn 31

Wenzhou: faŋ 31

Changsha: fǝn 31

Shuangfeng: xuan 31

Nanchang: фun 31

Meixian: pun 3

Guangzhou: fan 31

Xiamen: hun 31 (lit.); pun 31

Chaozhou: puŋ 31

Fuzhou: puŋ 31

Shanghai: fǝŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: fǝn 3

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *phùr

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: dust

Tulung: phurku

Kaling: pharki

Limbu: khāmpherum dust (khām ground, soil)

Kulung: phur (Toba 89)

Comments: Toba 89 *phraki. For the 2d part in K, T cf. *qùn smoke ?

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